Review Of Related Literature Education Essay

Review Of Related Literature instruction tasteThe Problems of un redress in Rivers State Secondary drilldayss A Survey of Schools in Abua/Odual Local G all overnment atomic snatch 18a.AbstractThe purpose of this canvas was to investigate The Problems of In ara in Secondary Schools in Abua/Odual Local government Area. One snow instructors constituted the study sample. Questionnaire was administered to instructors to obtain entropy for five research questions. The statistical tool used to analyse the raw data was percentage method.The results showed that overleap of corporal punishment, irregular payment of instructors salaries, poor administration constitutes the major lines to in jibe in rails. In this regard, it was suggested that corporal punishment should be introduced in instill condemnations to a fault, more than and up to(predicate) incentives should be provided to the teachers.CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONBackground of the quartervasEducation in both perspe ctive finds its usefulness in the atomic number 18as of moral, intellectual, social and ghostlike wear outment of the child. This development to a great extent is a maneuver of the quality of the facts of purportal system, which is partly measured on the basis of assimilators subdue. clear constitutes one(a) of the fundamental, critical and challenging functions of the teacher. Mostly, when viewed from the fact that learners whom they manage their af moderatelys ar drawn from different home background, accommodates the influence of peer convocations and thus, were bound to award different patterns of select that may not correct with the instructional modular of the crop. make grow is an chance of give instructioning function which if not well maintain can render the tutor system ineffective. School discipline as a matter of fact is seen as a vital agent in the process by which students argon enabled to function in the orderliness. The normal idea underlying this fact is that if the tame is situated in the nine and it is hoped that the products of these schools will be absorbed into the orderliness, the students essential thus be make to develop rule- hobby and law, adding habits so that they conform to the ecumenic social expectations of the main finishing absorbing its basic attitudes and beliefs, Sieber and wilder (199770) point start that a alliance without rules is inconceivable, and rules without attitude of disapproval towards them ar inconceivable. In the English Elementary School, obeisance was enforced around the bendly without any military goal in capitulum and in that discipline was seen essentially as a process of docile training for society at large. On the separate hand, thinking of discipline in terms of training for society, Docking (19904) says it may encourage a schooling for subordination where teachers use their disciplinary authority to satisfy almost unfulfilled subscribe to within themselves so that they are to view children as a agent rather than as ends.The promotion or living of effective discipline is essential if organised group action is to be effective or productive whether the group is a club, society, a union, a company, a business or industrial concern or a nation. The word discipline con telephone circuits that the members or a group should reasonably conform to the rules and rulers, which is the code of behaviour which shake up been formed for it or by it, so that every one may benefit by them. Peoples morale or industrial peace are definitely proper by concern of discipline if the members of a group do not abide by the rules of the organisation, it may collapse. Chaos, confusion, disobedience, disloyalty and antisocial or anti-organisational activities develop to the detriment of every one. In the word of Spriegel (199734) discipline is the force that prompts an case-by-caseistic or a group to observe the rules, regulations which are seemed to be necess ary to the attainment of an objective. It is a factor, which restrains an individual from doing plastered things, which are deemed to be disruptive for the group objectives. It is also the physical exertion of restraint or the enforcement of penalties for the violation of group regulations. Thus, discipline can be s care as an attitude of the mind, a product of culture and a particular environment which promotes an individual to willingly co-operate in the observance of the rules of the organizational to which he belongs.School discipline is often snips seen as an important segment in the process by which children are enabled to function in the society because living in the society entails living in association with sealed agreed rules, which govern ones behaviour. Thus, keeping order in the school is a multi-faced business associated with range of interacting factors, much(prenominal) as the child himself, home and neck of the woods influence, changing societal value and expectations, the school and its natural environment, and the individual teacher.The problem of indiscipline is more apparent among thirdhand school students all over the world. undiscipline among them has attracted serious attention of scholars and administrators. These scholars and administrators attributes to their state of development. They opine that when students notice certain biological changes signalling maturity in the course of the growth and development, they tend to mishandle by faulting school rules and regulations Mukhargee (199517).Indiscipline is a mode of life not in conformity with rules and non-subjected to control. By extension, the term connotes the violation of school rules and regulations adequate of obstructing the smooth and orderly, functioning of the school system Adeyemo (199522). School rules and regulations in most cases affect students more than any other thing because they are make by the school authorities in order to guide and cherish the studen ts while in school.Statement of the ProblemIn the teaching and eruditeness process certain identifiable problems of indiscipline militate against its success and passments.That essence for effective teaching and learning to take transmit there must be discipline in order to make reasonable achievements.In spite of the effort so far made by the governance for the past eight years to curb indiscipline in our substitute schools, delinquency, truancy, disobedience, absenteeism, etc. are somewhat of the problems of teaching and learning in our alternate schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area.This study is therefore cheered in addressing the problems of indiscipline so that teaching and learning will improve in our schools.Purpose of the StudyThe general purpose of this study includes the fol pocket-sizeding(a) lay out the factors underlying the problem of maintaining effective discipline in junior-grade schools.(b) regain the cause of such(prenominal) factors on academ ic performance.(c) Make recommendation on the areas that would solve these problems. explore QuestionsThe study shall be contract by the following research questionsWhat factors are responsible for school indiscipline?What are the effects of such factors on students academic performance?What are the strategies adopted by teachers to prevent schoolroom indiscipline?Does the rate of indiscipline among secondary school students increase or decrease for the past three years?Are girls more receptive to instruction than boys in secondary schools?Significance of the StudyThe importance of this study includes the following(1) To provide information for government and school administrators close to the solution to the problems of school indiscipline.(2) To provide relevant data about the causes of indiscipline from teachers perspective.(3) To make recommendations and suggestions that possibly could help solve the problem of indiscipline. backdrop of the StudyThe study focus on school ind iscipline from cardinal (22) selected secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State.Definition of damageFor the purpose of this study, the following terminologies shall be defined thusStudent A person who is studying in a school, especially a secondary school.Secondary School This is a school for young people mingled with the age of 11 and 16.Regulation This is an official rule made by authority.Discipline This is the practice of training people to obey rules and regulations.Indiscipline This is insufficiency of discipline, control in the behaviour of a group of people.CHAPTER TWO freshen up OF RELATED LITERATUREThe chapter can be reviewed under the following headings.2.1. Students discipline in Nigeria schools2.2 Imperative of indiscipline in secondary schools2.3. Causes of indiscipline2.4 School indiscipline and academic achievement2.5 School rules and regulations on student discipline2.6 The fantasy of in loco-parentis and its family human relationsh ip to students discipline2.7 Student discipline and classroom solicitude2.8 Strategies of curb bit indiscipline2.9 Summary of the literature reviewed2.1 Students Discipline in Nigeria SchoolsAccording to Matsoga (200354) violence and misbehaviour exist in Nigeria schools. This lack of discipline which interferes with the teaching and learning process, manifests itself in various right smarts including bullying, vandalism, alcohol and core group abuse, truancy, unfitness or unwillingness to do home belong etc. Moswele (2004146) and Matsoga (200353).Vandalizing school property is at rampart and this has influenced the government to introduce school fees in order to mend, that which was bustn such as window, panes, furniture and walls.Theft is also common. For instance, in 2003 students in one senior secondary school broke into a biology laboratory to steal ethanol Banda (200416) some of these students befogged their lives and others lost their sight. In another senior secondary school, 19-year-old boy commit suicide after fighting with another student over a borrowed plate Maleka (2003162). These horrible acts left the nation speechless, not shafting where such behaviour originates. These incidents sprang the debate on the use of corporal punishment in schools which concluded that Nigeria cannot do away with it, but it has to be used carefully Maleka (2003162) and Keorang (200451). Experience had it that, teachers may ask for transfers while parents withdraw their children from schools with numerous cases of student misconduct such as the one mentioned preceding(prenominal).2.2 Imperative of indiscipline in secondary schoolsDiscipline in these schools is now passing done an eclipse. The problem of indiscipline is found everywhere, therefore, students do no longer believe in hard work as the only honourable path to success. Slangs connoting mental test malpractice like choke exhibit, dagbo, omokirikiri and the like are common during examination time a nd they are expressed in such free but fatal that one somehow think that it does not mean anything. Children of the spicy and low, declamatory and small, powerful and the downtrodden are involved in varying tiers.At this juncture, it would be worthwhile to highlight some of the prevalent cases and acts of indiscipline amongst secondary school students.1. CultismCultism has suddenly become the giant monster that has swallowed up our ethics and morals any student who fails to belong is quickly packed off the stage by either being intimidated out of school or killed. Many claim been forced to join reproduction cultist group, which often produced fatal consequences.Section 329 (1) of the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria defines reverence (secret cult) as an association that uses secret signs, oaths, rites or symbols and which is formed to promote a cause, the purpose or part of the purpose which is to foster the interest of its members and to aid one another under any circumstance without the regard to sexual morality, fair or justice to the demerit of those who are not members. who members are pledged to observe oaths of secrecy2. Indecent DressingNear naked and other forms of nudity is the order of the day in our schools. Kpakol (200462) argues that peer pressure, self-indulgence, and dress to kill-the turn habit of putting on seductive clothes to attract those of the confrontation gender sexually or throw off balance emotionally. In this connection Bellow, (19933) states that school discipline is the training which produces in children self-restraint, orderliness, superb conduct, doing and the habit of getting the scoop out of themselves. It involves intellectual and moral education as opposed to mere order and instruction.3. Curriculum content any(prenominal) society whose educational system is careless about the need of the society is doomed. It thus, not enough to have a broadcast. It is most important that the course of s tudy relates and adequately takes care of the entire societal aspiration. Our curriculum today is greatly deficient in moral education as contained in the curriculum is shabby and neglected. In some schools, it is not even taught.The subjects of History, Civic and disposition study and so on that immediately inculcates the ideal nation expression to the youth are abolished social studies and integrated science that is fashioned in their stead has proved to be incapable in content and practice.4. agnate TrainingCharity it is said begins from home. A parent who is not unfaltering with his children and lets them go the bad is not kind to them. Parents do not often consider the future welfare and success of their children as of great importance. solution is not shown by constant scolding, beating and fussing, this is to many educators indicates weakness.In addition, some parents are unendingly quarrelling and fighting. This definitely makes the students not to have affection and develop negative attitude to life. In school, that student may be and always picking quarrel with his peer because this is what he grew up with.2.3 Causes of IndisciplineIndiscipline as we have noted elsewhere is not a smart phenomenon. It has engaged the attention of many sources and authors at different levels. Causes of indiscipline in secondary schools are numerous. They include school society, wrong ideals, idleness, lack of good leadership, injustice, lack of realistic rules, bad home training and upbringing, etc.Okoroma (20001109) and Nwankwo (199167) note that the causes and symptoms of indiscipline are many and vary from school to school and from stupefy to deposit. In their view, some symptoms of indiscipline include general unrest and measured breaches of school rules, peaceful and violent induction, mass disobedience, truancy, delinquency, absenteeism, drug use and abuse, as well as drunkenness.Shakaran (199747) and Nwankwo (199167) have identified the causes of in discipline in secondary schools in Nigeria to include authoritarian methods, bad staff behaviour, harsh school rules, poor parley, results, lack of adequate school facilities, influence of home and society. In this paper, we however, proffer a multi-dimensional approach to this burning issue of indiscipline in our secondary schools hence our good will of the causes of indiscipline will be multi-dimensional.1. fond InfluenceThere has become a sudden shift from merit to lack lustre. Achievements are no longer measured by allegiance and capability but influence and material wealth who you know than what you are measured up in terms of merit, is what determines promotion. Thus, a student need not burn the night candle.2. CorruptionThis is the oldest son of indiscipline. This son has adult up that it often rejects shoulder to shoulder with its father indiscipline. What permeates all the least sandpiper of our society today is how to make it quickly. Public finance meant for welfar e programmes that would have stemmed the aid of mal-behaviour in our youths and adolescents gets diverted to redundant programmes or cliquish pockets. To such extent, there is no motivation in those who should be seen to be disciplined. With empty stomach, ragged dressing, hopeless accommodation, intolerable health, there is no way a person can resist temptation.3. Rural-urban DriftClosely tie in to the issue of government policy and corruption is the issue of rural-urban drift. A writer once said that everyone is a village by root. The rate, at which our youths and adolescents migrate from the serene, quiet and less atrocious life in the village to the reedy, burdensome, absorb and unnecessarily over populated cities, is alarming. One identified reason for this as outright lack of basic facilities and infrastructure in our villages. Where there is any, it is often in a state of despair so grossly hapless that no youth would see his mate coming home from the city without bein g tempted to taste the city. This sudden transformation from the village to city life is bound to produce unpalatable consequences. This explains why secondary school students are engaged in crimes nowadays either to be able to hold water the tempo of life in the city or in conceptualization to get to the city.2.4 School Indiscipline and Academic AchievementIn classroom teaching, discipline implies the control of a class to achieve desirable behaviour. The concept of school discipline and school rewards has the similar objectives of assisting students to make maximum achievement in their academic pursuits. According to Nwankwo (199167) discipline behaviour involves characteristics such as self-sacrifice, diligence, co-operation, integrity, experimental condition and sympathy for others as well as the fear of God. He goes on to say that discipline is a system of guiding the individual to make reasonable and responsible decisions. In classroom teaching, discipline means the control of a class to achieve desirable behaviour. Discipline involves self-control a disciplined person knows and takes the right course of action. He is guided not simply by self-interest, but also by consideration of interest of others. A disciplined individual is also guided in his behaviour by moral and social principles.Factors of indiscipline that lead to low academic achievement are common with student from socio-economic status families Alumode (200284). This is because teachers are often prejudiced against youth from low socio-economic status families and show invidious treatment to students from high socio-economic status families Manster (2001297). Another reason is that peer influences on low socio-economic students are often antisocial and delinquency prone, emphasizing archeozoic marriage for the girls and gang activities for the boys Conger (199313). Blodsoe (200528) believes that the quality of interaction among members of the adolescents family influence the degree of discipline and success in school work. According to him, the studies of the family relationship of bright, high-achieving students versus under-achieving high school students shows that the high achievers more often than under-achievers describe their parents as typically sharing vacation and ideas as understanding, approving, trusting, affection etc. encouraging (but not pressuring) with keep an eye on to achievement and over restrictive or severe in discipline.2.5 School Rules and Regulation on DisciplineThe Education Act of 1999 has documented some rules and regulations that govern student discipline in Nigeria schools. It stipulates methods and procedure for nipper and severe disciplinary measures such as corporal punishment, suspension and student expulsion. Rules and regulations are drawn for the orderly conduct of the school affairs. Some of them are written and others are implied and they recognised by law. Addressing the issue of rules and regulations Nwangwu (2009142) s tate thatThe Schools come on and individual school authorities have the right to make any reasonable rules and regulations for the orderly conduct of school affairs in the interest of the entire school and school system.The fundamental point raised above is that those provisions are made by relevant authorized bodies to direct and spell out the relationship between teachers, student and school authorities. The indebtedness is therefore on every member of the school system to valuate and obey the rules, as any breach must be followed by the application of appropriate disciplinary measures. The courts of law shall always put into consideration the reasonableness and inherent right of the school rules and regulations. Rules that encroached on a constitutional right of students will invariably be invalidated by courts.2.6 The opinion of in Loco-Parentis and its Relationship to Students DisciplineIn educational circle, the special relationship which exists between students and the s choolteacher regarding discipline is termed in loco-parentis. It is assumed that the teacher in performing certain roles especially as it relate to control of paternal jurisdiction.According to Remmlein and Wane in Igwe (199882) in loco-parentis means in place of the parent, charged with some of the parents right, duties and responsibilities.The implication is that schoolteachers or authorities stand in place of parents in respect to students education and discipline. By this it is expected that teacher have the invariably contracted with parents to perform some of the duties and functions of the latter. The teacher is therefore expected to act reasonably in this capacity.In present, the teachers acting in loco-parent is to discipline an erring student, and should construe that the punishment was done reasonably and in good faith in order to avoid costly and pasty court cases. The teacher should act within the limit of this principle, because according to Eferakaya (199817), schoo l officials who perpetuate acts of indiscipline can no longer be protect by the in loco parentis doctrines the courts are quite convinced that the school is incapable of assuming full parental responsibilities.2.7 Students Indiscipline and Classroom vigilanceThe International Dictionary of Education formally defines discipline as a term to describe teacher classroom control or general restraint of pupils behaviour Lingworth (200418) argues that coercion can never be a method of educating in the sense that where teachers tend to interpret control of threats thereby forcing students to learn what he has taught them is far behind the truth.Another interesting aspect of discipline and administrative control is the use of scientific procedures known as behaviour modification based on the learning theory actual by Skinner who advocates some technique and positive reinforcement such as using rewards to bring about and maintain desired behaviour combined with extinction behaviour i.e. we akening undesired behaviour by ignoring it or by otherwise removing its reward consequences.However, the work of Lauwerys (199942) is discovered to be in contrast with the scientific procedures of behaviour modification and psychodrama work of Piaget. His work on classroom management focuses attention on the teachers public demonstration that he knows what is going on, his ability to facilitate smooth transaction from one activity to another and handle movement and type of demand he makes from pupil. There is bound to be conflict when administration in school is taken to be rigid and regimentation, where students have to fear administrations rather than respect them. Fagbula (200280) in his work concludes that teachers rather than settle their minor matters take them to the school administrators create a problem to administrative control of schools. Bad administrative control can hinder effective discipline tone in the school. These can take the form of giving bad and inadequate in tellectual nourishment to students, ineffective teaching, bad staff behaviour, authoritarian methods of administration, high school rules, controlling attitude of the school prefects, unsatisfactory curricula, poor examination results, poor communication between administrators and school pupils.2.8 Strategies for Curbing IndisciplineIt is imperative to ensure that the best behaviours and conditions are inculcates, established and maintained for effective learning to take place in our secondary schools. This can be realised if we accept that the teacher has the power to impose discipline by using some categorisation of power over this students.However, this is only possible to a little extent, for it to have meaningful impact it must also take into account the psychological needs and development level of the student.A well-managed school begins with thorough hap planning by the school head and the teachers. Accordingly, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation should be used, positive a nd negative motivation, provision and satisfaction of students need the teacher having adequate knowledge of the subject, teaching students how to learn and making them to use their time effectively.The school environment should be busy, and an active place in which the students and teachers know that they are on the same side working together to achieve something worthwhile. Such an environment is likely to establish mutual respect, and a mild reproof or expression of disappointment on the part of the teacher will enhance discipline.Cleanliness and tidiness of surrounding, not being excessively noisy or disruptive when others are working, taking care of communal property, and promptness exhibition of normal courtesies expected by the society to be observed. The rules can be established by quite persistence and good illustration by the teacher.In essence, good discipline enables the sort of psychological need proposed by Maslow and others to be satisfied. This is because most disc iplinary cases are as a result of unfulfilled basic needs. The teacher should look carefully at each level including the most basic psychological one of commissariat and ventilation.2.9 Summary of the Reviewed LiteratureThe chapter examined the concept of indiscipline as it derived from the word discipline. Discipline here means a mode of life in harmony with rules, subjected to control. Therefore, indiscipline means lack of control in the behaviour of a group of people. Relating the above to the school environment, indiscipline could be referred to as inability of a person to live in accordance with school rules and regulation it is the breaking of rules and regulations of institution.Imperative and causes of indiscipline were discussed from the multi-dimensional perspective, which include cultism, indecent dressing, curriculum content, parental training, societal influence, corruption and rural-urban drift. Again, school indiscipline and academic achievement, which implies the c ontrol of a class to achieve desired behaviour was discussed. The chapter also examined school rules and regulations on discipline, which are drawn up to regulate school activities for the orderly conduct of the school affairs.The concept of in loco-parentis and its relationship to student discipline, which is the special relationship that exist between students and the school teacher regarding discipline, because the teacher is expected to stand in place of the parent in respect to students education and discipline.Finally, strategies of curbing indiscipline which include pedagogical, social and psychological techniques of curbing indiscipline in secondary school were proffered.CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter presents the research methodology to be adopted for the study. It is organised under the following heading Research Design, Population of the Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrumentation, Validity of the Instrument, governing body of the Instrument, an d Data abstract Technique.3.1 Research DesignThe research design adopted for this study is the descriptive survey research design, which is concerned with condition or relationships that exist and practices that prevail.Specifically, it is concerned with identified the problems of indiscipline in secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area.3.2 Population of the StudyThe population of this study is 440 persons, who are teachers in the 22 (22) secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area.3.3 Sample and Sampling TechniquesA stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. Out of twenty-two (22) secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area, ten (10) were sampled out through the ballot system this represents 46% of secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government.In each school, ten (10) teachers were randomly selected to give 100 teachers, which represent 52% of the total number of teachers in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. Thus, the sample for this study is made up of 100 respondents.3.4 Development of Research Instrument The pecker for this study is questionnaire titled Questionnaire for Teachers on indiscipline problems (QTIP). It was developed for this study and communicate to various respondents with structured questions developed based on the objectives of the study and the literature reviewed.The instrument is divided into two (2) sections (A and B). Section A deals with the personal data of the respondents section B sought responses to items on factors, which militate against the effective maintenance of discipline in secondary schools.The questionnaire adopted the 4-point Likert summated rating scale with values Strongly Agree (SA) = 4 Agree (A) = 3 Disagree (D) = 2 and Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1.3.5 Validity of the InstrumentThe instrument was given to the executive program and senior lecturers in the department who are experts in educational management to examine and make corrections. They scrutinize it em by item and make up its validity to elicit the necessary information needed to provide adequate answers to the research questions.The final draft of instrument was designed to reflect corrections of the experts in the department. Also the researcher ensured that the five interested research problem areas, which militate against the effective maintenance of discipline in secondary schools to ensure that it is adequate enough to measure, what is supposed to measure and ensuring that the desirable result is achieved.3.6 Administration of the InstrumentThe instrument for this study was administered personally by the researcher. The completed copies were retrieved on the spot while the others were retrieved later.3.7 Data Analysis TechniqueThe responses was based on the 4-point Likert summated rating scale will be analysed and presented in table by means of percentages.A decision on the research questions was made to vex at by dividing frequency of occurrence by the total number of respondents and multiplied the product by 100, that isFrequency of occurrence x 100Number of respondents 1CHAPTER FOURPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATAIn this chapter the data collected is presented and analysed as followsResearch question one What factors are responsible for school indiscipline?Note the following was used to try the work.Strongly Agree (SA) = 4Agree (A) = 3Disagree (D) = 2