Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Skyscrapers Essays (2149 words) - Structural System, Skyscrapers

Skyscrapers Picture in your mind the skyline of downtown Toronto. There's the CN Tower, of course, and the 72-floor First Canadian Place, the city's tallest skyscraper. Cascading from there are the assorted banks and hotels and insurance towers. Now, use your imagination to construct some new buildings, these ones reaching three, four and five times higher than the others. Top it all off with a skyscraper one mile high (three times as high as the CN Tower). Sound fanciful? It did 30 years ago when Frank Lloyd Wright proposed the first mile-high building. But not today. We are now said to be entering the age of the superskyscraper, with tall buildings poised to take a giant new leap into the sky. Skyscrapers approaching the mile mark may still be awhile off, but there are proposals now for megastructures soaring 900 m -- twice as high as the world's tallest building, the 110-story Sears Tower in Chicago. Suppose that you were asked to erect such a building. How would you do it? What ar e the obstacles you'd face? What materials would you use? And where would you put it? Building a superskyscraper, the first thing you would need is a considerable slice of real estate. Tall buildings require a large base to support their load and keep them stable. In general, the height of a building should be six times its base, so, for a skyscraper 900-m tall, you'd need a base of 150 square m. That much space is hard to come by in, say, downtown Toronto, forcing you to look for an undeveloped area, perhaps the Don Valley ravine, next to the Science Centre. Bear in mind though that the Don Valley is overlain by loose sand and silt, and tall buildings must stand on firm ground, or else risk the fate of edifices like the Empress Hotel in Victoria. This grand dowager, completed in 1908, long before the science of soil mechanics, has since found herself slowly sinking into the soft clay. Soil analysis is especially critical in facing the threat of earthquakes. The Japanese hav e learned many times the hard way what happens when an earth tremor shakes a high-rise constructed on soft, wet sand. The quake's enormous energy severs the loose connections between the individual grains, turning the ground into quicksand in just seconds and swallowing up the building. . Engineers have actually built machines that condense loose ground. One machine pounds the earth with huge hammers. Another plunges a large vibrating probe into the ground, like a blender in a milk shake, stirring up the sand so that its structure collapses and the individuals grains fall closer together. Anchoring a skyscraper in the Don Valley would best be solved by driving long steel piles down through the sand and silt into the underlying hard clay till. Or, if the clay till lies too far underground, inserting more piles into the sand. The friction between sand and so much steel would then be sufficient to hold the concrete foundation above in place. The next obstacle in erecting a su perskyscraper, and perhaps the biggest one, is wind. Tall buildings actually sway in the breeze, in much the same way that a diving board bends under the weight of a diver. Building an edifice that doesn't topple over in the wind is easy enough. The real challenge is keeping the structure so stiff that it doesn't swing too far, cracking partitions, shattering windows and making the upper occupants seasick. As a rule, the top of skyscraper should never drift more than 1/400 of its height at a wind velocity of 150 km/h. Older buildings, like the Empire State Building, were built so that their core withstood all bending stresses. But structural engineers have since found that by shifting the bracing and support to the perimeter of a building, it can better resist high winds. The most advanced buildings are constructed like a hollow tube, with thin, outer columns spaced tightly together and welded to broad horizontal beams. Toronto's First Canadian Place and New York's World Trade Center towers are all giant, framed tubes. A superskyscraper would undoubtedly need extra rigidity, which you could add by bracing its framework with giant

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Bessie Smith Essays - Music, Entertainment, Blues, Bisexual Women

Bessie Smith Essays - Music, Entertainment, Blues, Bisexual Women Bessie Smith Known as the Empress Of Blues, Bessie Smith was said to have revolutionized the vocal end of Blues Music. She showed a lot of pride as an independent African-American woman. Her style in performance and lyrics often reflected her lifestyle. Bessie Smith was one of the first female jazz artists, and she paved the way for many musicians who followed. Bessie was born April 15, 1894 in Chattanooga, Tennessee to a part time Baptist preacher, William Smith, and his wife Laura. The family was large and poor. Soon after she was born her father died. Laura lived until Bessie was only nine years old. The remaining children had to learn to take care of themselves. Her sister Viola then raised her. But it was her oldest brother, Clarence, who had the most impact on her. Clarence always encouraged Bessie to learn to sing and dance. After Clarence had joined the Moses Stokes Minstrel Show, Bessie got auditions. Bessie's career began when she was discovered' by none other than Ma Rainey when Ma's revue, the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, was passing through Chattanooga around 1912 and she had the occasion to hear young Bessie sing. Ma took Bessie on the road with the show and communicated, consciously or not, the subtleties and intricacies of an ancient and still emerging art form. (Snow). Bessie started by working small-time traveling tent shows. With the help of Clarence she began her professional career in 1912, and soon became a featured singer. Smith was an established star with the black audiences throughout the south by the time she moved to Philadelphia in 1921. However, two more years would pass before she would begin her recording career. Soon after moving to Philadelphia, Smith supposedly auditioned for Okeh and other recording companies. However, each time the talent scouts would say that her voice was too rough to record. Finally, Columbia Records? Frank Walter signed Smith to a recording contract and set her up in a studio on February 15, 1923. Although there is nothing that survives from her very first recording date, the following date she recorded Gulf Coast Blues and Down Hearted Blues. The record sold more than 750,000 copies that year, making her a blues star. She then married Jack McGee in June 1923. In the mid-twenties she toured the entire south and most of the major northern cities, always as the star attraction on the bill. Smith recorded with a number of noted musicians. These included pianists Fletcher Henderson and James P. Johnson, cornetist Louie Armstrong, saxophonists Coleman Hawkins and Don Redman, and clarinetist Buster Bailey. Many of her earlier songs featured only a piano accompaniment, which allowed sole focus on Smiths vocals. Yet the songs cut with Armstrong featured the two most prominent black recording artists of the 1920s. They worked off each others talents and sang too the blues backdrops while keeping the southern roots. In 1929 Smith recorded the haunting Nobody Knows You When Youre Down and Out, a tune blues historian William Barlow called Smiths personal epitaph and a depression era classic.? She was the highest paid black entertainer and completely booked at $1500 a week. Her more than 150 recordings that followed, some of which sold 100,000 copies i n a week, propelled her to fame and immortality (Sanders). Alberta Hunter stated, Bessie Smith was the greatest of them all. There never was one like her and there'll never be one like here again. Even though she was raucous and loud, she had sort of a tear - no, not a tear, but there was a misery in what she did. It was as though there was something she had to get out, something she just had to bring fore. By 1930 her career began to fade due to the publics changing musical tastes, mismanagement of her affairs, and her heavy drinking. She had started drinking as a teen and drank more heavily as time passed. Columbia dropped her from its roster in 1931. Her last recorded song, Gimme a Pigfoot, was under the direction of talent scout John Hammond in 1933. Smith continued to perform, mostly in the South, although it seemed the classical blues era was over. She was even in a movie

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Select from one of the topics below Select a new technology or Essay

Select from one of the topics below Select a new technology or technological invention, which is not yet in the market and anal - Essay Example urce 3D printing can effortlessly counterbalance their principal expenses (Dx.doi.org 2013). The 3D printing technology is employed mutually i.e. distributed manufacturing & prototyping with applications in construction (AEC). It is also used in architecture, automotive, industrial design, military, aerospace, civil engineering, engineering, medical industries, dental and biotech (also known as human tissue replacement). It is also applicable in places like footwear, education, eyewear, fashion, jewelry, food, geographic information systems and many other fields. This technology is still in alpha stage of processing and is not commercialized yet. Even then according to Wohlers Associates, which is a consulting firm, the market of 3D services and printing is worth 2.2 billion dollars (The Economist 2012). 3D Printing: The advancements in technology have attracted people towards owning glamorous items of daily use. One such technology is 3D machines. Gaming industry has excelled in it a lot and commercialization of 3D screens has led to awareness in common public regarding graphics and advancements in this industry. 3D printing is also attractive for people to use as it reflects real life imagery. The printing seems as good as if it is real. This is a positive point while marketing the 3D printing. Since the services are limited to industrial level alone, it is not much accessible to common people from every walk of life. Introducing it to the common market will already be easy as people are eager to experience new technologies and latest printing techniques in it for their everyday use. 3D printing if made commercially available will immensely help in research as well. Currently research is limited as 3D printers are not off the shelf available to common people. Technological enhancements in biotechnology, medicine and engineering will become aggressive once design ideas and research floats. Challenges in Commercializing 3D: 1) Making it economical: There are va rious approaches used in 3D printing including granular materials binding, extrusion disposition, lamination etc. The commercialization of 3D printing is dependent on the technique used for it to a huge extent. Printers that do not work directly with metals can be made cheap. Similarly specific shapes that can be printed easily can be made commercial and restricting other shapes due to expensive technology can be done. This way 3D printing can be commercialized to some extent. Hardware is not the only issue in 3D printing. Appropriate software’s need to be designed for it as well (Friedman 2012). These softwares are naturally complex due to complex graphics and its algorithms. Commercialization in this respect can be immensely improved by inviting third party vendors and making the original commercial softwares open source. This will invite young enthusiasts to come forward and work together to develop short applications that could be integrated to support maximum 3D printing capabilities in a single hardware. 2) Enhancing

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Theories and Models of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories and Models of Communication - Essay Example The hypothesis of communication assists individuals in comprehending this phrase, since communication involves analysis of facts to deduce the meaning. Failure to evaluate these facts of information might lead to failing to deduce the correct interpretation. This way this hypothesis assists in analyzing information. For instance, it is easy to discern someone’s intentions; by the way, they speak. Lack of these visible signs might imply otherwise (Griffith, p.10). Mass media describe all media technologies utilized to reach an enormous audience through mass communication. Mass media also describes the institutions which manage these technologies, for instance, television stations, as well as publishing companies. An exemplar of mass media includes broadcast media, which describes the electronic transmission of information via television, radio, as well as CDs and DVDs. In addition, broadcast media involves other devices such as cameras, as well as video consoles. Another exemplar is print media, which involves utilization of a physical object as a way of transferring information. Other print media include brochures and pamphlets among others (Igor, p.10). The mass medium is an extremely powerful tool which significantly influences peoples’ ways of existence. It is extremely influential in that the images or information media displays have the capacity to foster stereotypes, products, alter cultures among others. For instance, in many countries, the dress code displayed by media is usually adopted by the youngsters. Media particularly Internet media is also readily available and affords a massive outreach. It can be utilized in varied parts of the globe concurrently and cost-effectively. This portrays the influence of media. 4 Semiotics involves the study of symbols, as well as sign systems. Semiotics also entails indication, description, metaphor, similarity among others. The fundamental component of meaning is the symbol. It is anything that can characterize an idea. It also includes studying the organization and meaning of lingo. The significant elements of any semiotic include content, as well as expression (Littlejohn and Foss, p. 23). Rhetorical evaluation assists in looking into

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Assignment - 3

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that strategic management entails the formulation as well as an implementation of key objectives that are adopted by managers on behalf of the shareholders. During this process, effective assessment of external and internal environments must be done. On the other hand, strategic competitiveness refers to the results that are achieved after a firm effectively formulates and implements appropriate strategies that are not easily copied by the competitors either because they are unique or there are costly to imitate. One of the major strategies that make Coca-Cola be a competitive company locally and in the international markets is the increased sales as the result of its expansion in many countries. Since the company was established in 1886, it has grown from a small firm based in Atlanta to the most valuable brand in the world. Coca-Cola Company brands are distributed in over 200 countries. Being the world largest brand, Coca-Cola has continued to enjoy impressiv e expansion globally. However, the company has very strong roots in Atlanta where it originated. The production of brands that depict comfort and leisure, aspects that are related to the American culture, the company produces brands that meet the needs of American people. In order to ensure that its products are effectively distributed in the international market, Coca-Cola Company has employed the services of various bottlers in various countries. The table below indicates some of the notable bottlers in the various Coca-Cola market segments. Apart from an effective entry of the global market, Coca-Cola Company has appropriately used technology in all its operations. For example, the company constantly rebrands its products. In 2009, the company introduced greener bottles. These are bottles that use less petroleum thus having less carbon impact. Likewise, the introduction of freestyle dispensers, that allow consumers to create their own beverage by combining more than 100 brands, i s a clear indication of the extent to which the company values technology.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Exercise Tests for Aerobic Capacity | Evaluation

Exercise Tests for Aerobic Capacity | Evaluation Evaluation of Exercise Tests Used to Examine Aerobic Capacity Aerobic exercise was developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper in 1969, to study why some individuals with superior muscular strength, scored poorly in long distance running, cycling or swimming regimes (Cooper, 1969). Dr. Cooper’s research involved using a bicycle ergometer to measure sustained human performance, in terms of an individual’s ability to utilize oxygen (Cooper, 1969). The data Dr. Cooper collected for his research is the foundation for the development of all modern aerobic tests and programs (Cooper, 1969). Aerobic exercise describes a physical activity performed at moderate levels of intensity for extended periods of time; ultimately increasing heart rate (Donatelle, 1969). This includes exercises like long distance jogging but not sprinting (Donatelle, 1969). In aerobic exercise, glycogen is decomposed to produce glucose; however, when glucose levels are minimal, fat is broken down (Donatelle, 1969). The ability an individual’s respiratory and cardiovascul ar systems can meet the oxygen demands of exercising muscles is called aerobic capacity (NYCFD, 2006). It is the maximum volume of oxygen muscles will intake during exercise (Donatelle, 1969). High aerobic capacity translates to better performance (Donatelle, 1969), not only because oxygen is efficiently delivered to and used by muscles, but also because recovery from extreme efforts by the muscles is faster (NYCFD, 2006). To boost aerobic capacity, heart rate needs to be worked up to 70% to 85% of its maximum; this is known as the heart’s â€Å"Target Heart Rate† or â€Å"Training Sensitive Zone† (NYCFD, 2006). This can be done by participating in aerobic training that recruits large muscle groups, such as those in the legs (NYCFD, 2006). As exercise intensity increases, oxygen consumption (VO2) linearly relates to workload, but only to a certain point, where VO2 plateaus, even as exercise intensity rises (McArdle et al, 2001). This plateau value, known as the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), is synonymous with aerobic power (Peterson, 2004), which is defined as the extent at which aerobic capacity, the peak aerobic energy strength, is exploited (Sports Resource Group, 2003). However, VO2 max is not the only predictor of aerobic capacity (Peterson, 2004); expressed as a fraction of VO2 max (% VO2 max ) (Peterson, 2004), the physiological value (LT), typically known as lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold (Peterson, 2004), also provides valuable information. LT defines situations when glycogen decomposition does not meet the required energy demands of the exercising muscles (Donatelle, 2005), and measures the degree of muscular and metabolic stress during exercise (Peterson, 2004). It is the point above restin g level, when light elevating levels of exercise causes glycogenolysis increases (Peterson, 2004), and lactate begins to accumulate in active muscles and blood (Farrell et al, 1993). Although lactic acid build up is removed gradually by slow oxidative muscle fibers, lactic acid often builds up in muscles before LT is reached (Peak Performance, 2006). Since there is no definitive start point in lactic acid build up, a set lactate accumulation value of 4 mmol/L of lactic acid in the blood is usually used as the point of onset of blood lactic acid (OBLA) (Peterson, 2004). LT is considered to be a more accurate predictor of aerobic capacity than VO2 max, however, it pertains only to the local muscles’ training state (Peterson, 2004). The LT phenomenon helps to explain why individuals with similar VO2 max can differ in endurance performance times (Peterson, 2004); those with a higher LT exhibit better ability to exercise because they use a larger fraction of their aerobic capacity (85-90% VO2 max) (Peterson, 2004). Factors leading to these results include examining whether subjects have undergone previous strength and endurance training in the muscles being analyzed and the percentage of Type 1 muscle fibers in the targeted muscles (Peterson, 2004). Exercise tests that informatively examine aerobic capacity, should help describe the overall changes in the cardiovascular system, as well as the local changes in the muscles, active in exercise (Peterson, 2004). Theses changes, collectively known as adaptations (Peterson, 2004), include increase in plasma volume, blood flow redirection to active muscles, heart size enlargement, heart rate reduction (HR), stroke volume elevation (SV), increase in cardiac output (Q), total muscle blood flow increase during maximal exercise and blood pressure reduction (Peterson, 2004). When capillary density is increased because of aerobic exercise, muscles take in more oxygen (Peterson, 2004). The local adaptations of the muscles that should be regarded as a part of examining aerobic capacity include: increase in the number and size of mitochondria, more carbohydrate oxidation because of increased oxidative enzyme activity, improved fat metabolism, the amount of muscle and type of muscle fiber eviden t during the exercise (Peterson, 2004). Today, common forms of aerobic capacity testing are the treadmill (TM), walk tests and cycle ergometer (CE) tests (Peterson, 2004). These methods are effective because they require the use of large muscle groups and are also cheap and straightforward enough for subjects to handle (Peterson, 2004). In all incidences, the clinical exercise testing protocols would involve initial warm-up; gradual increasing loads of uninterrupted exercise, with adequate duration per level; and finally a recovery period (Fletcher et al, 1995). Endurance running can be defined as maintainable velocity over a given distance (Peterson, 2004). Measuring aerobic capacity using treadmill facilitated tests require subjects to walk at a light pace, then gradually pickup the workload at set time intervals (Donatelle, 1969). The equipment used is an accurately calibrated, standard treadmill with variable speed and grade capability (Fletcher et al, 1995). Subjects should refrain from tightly grasping handrails on the treadmill during the test, as this results in decrease in VO2 and increase in muscle exertion and exercise time (Fletcher et al, 1995). The duration of an average protocol is 6 to 12 minutes (Fletcher et al, 1995), but a number of different protocols exist, varying in the increments of time or amount of increase in workload (Fletcher et al, 1995). The ideal protocol however, should be tailored to the type of subject being tested (Fletcher et al, 1995). The values usually measured in TM tests, VO2 and peak cardiac power output (CPOmax) , (Fletcher et al, 1995), give an idea about an individual’s aerobic capacity, and are used as data for many different studies. For example, studies have used TM tests to determine aerobic capacity of subjects (Williams et al, 2001 and Cooke et al, 1998). Their data gave evidence that CPOmax during exercise, was significantly related to aerobic capacity and also correlated to exercise duration (Williams et al, 2001 and Cooke et al, 1998). CPOmax was found to be an independent mortality predictor (Williams et al, 2001), and using TM cardiopulmonary exercise testing is beneficial because it is non-invasive, therefore less stressful for patients to participate (Williams et al, 2001 and Cooke et al, 1998). This finding was consistent in a population of normal subjects and individuals with heart disease (Cooke et al, 1998), and ultimately gave a more definitive idea about the extent of cardiac impai rment of patients with heart failure (Williams et al, 2001 and Cooke et al, 1998). A lower impact alteration of the TM test is the six minute walk test (6MWT), which is cheaper and simpler to conduct (American Thoracic Society, 2002). This test is usually used on patients with health problems, and measures the distance of hard, flat surface subjects can briskly over in 6 minutes (American Thoracic Society, 2002). The test is useful for evaluating the body’s overall and local adaptation responses involved in exercise (American Thoracic Society, 2002). This includes pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, systemic circulation, peripheral circulation, blood, neuromuscular units, and muscle metabolism (American Thoracic Society, 2002). However, since the 6MWT evaluates the submaximal level of functional capacity (American Thoracic Society, 2002), information generated is not specific about the causes of limitation (Johnson, 2004). Measuring performance at submaximal levels of exertion, the 6MWD gives a good indication of the level of functional exercise in daily physical activities (American Thoracic Society, 2002). However, for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the test generates a similar stress as a maximal test (Johnson, 2004). In studies conducted using a population of patients with cardiac and or respiratory problems (Solway et al, 2001), the 6MWT was established to be the easiest to administer, most tolerated by patients and most reflective of daily activities, out of 2-min walk tests (2MWT), 12-min walk tests (12MWT), self-paced walk tests (SPWT), and shuttle walk tests (SWT) (Solway et al, 2001). In order to study the effects aerobic and strength training have on improving aerobic endurance and muscle strength in female cardiac transplant recipients (Haykowsky et al, 2005), the 6MWT was administered to measure cardiac transplant patients’ aerobic endurance befor e and after placing them in aerobic training programs (Haykowsky et al, 2005). However, firm conclusions on the usefulness of the test in clinical practice, are still lacking (Opasich et al, 2001). In a study to investigate the correlation between walk test performance, cardiac function and exercise capacity (Opasich et al, 2001), it was found that for moderate to severe chronic heart failure patients, the 6-min walk test is not related to cardiac function and only moderately related to exercise capacity (Opasich et al, 2001). Therefore, the paper deemed the test to have only limited usefulness as a decisional indicator in clinical practice (Opasich et al, 2001). Some disadvantages of the 6MWT is that being a time controlled test, the only way a subject can show improved aerobic capacity in subsequent testing, is by walking faster (Johnson, 2004). However, for some COPD patients, walking faster is difficult due to factors such as stride length (Johnson, 2004); a TM test on the other hand can accommodate for a steeper grade, hence allowing patients to show improvements in their overall condition (Johnson et al, 2002). TM testing can be deemed better than 6MWT as it is more versatile; it can be used with or without advanced monitoring such as continuous electrocardiography or expired gas analysis (Johnson, 2004). However, TM tests are more expensive and require more expertise (Johnson, 2004). Although 6MWT is a good test to repeat for the purposes of documenting decline in exercise tolerance (Johnson, 2004), TM tests are better at documenting improvements in function because they test at constant workload, and is therefore more sensitive (Johns on, 2004). For individuals untrained in cycling, VO2 max is higher when tested on TM compared to CE (Peterson, 2004), while trained cyclists generated only slightly higher VO2 max values when tested via CE compared to TM (Peterson, 2004). VO2 values from TM tests are generally higher than those attained from CE protocols (McArdle et al, 2001). The cause is because most individuals are more comfortable walking or running, as oppose to cycling (McArdle et al, 2001). It could also be because CE testing causes discomfort and fatigue of the quadriceps muscles (Fletcher et al, 1995). Leg fatigue of an inexperienced cyclist causes subjects to stop before reaching a true VO2max (Fletcher et al, 1995), making the value 10% to 15% lower in CE than TM tests (Fletcher et al, 1995). In cycling terms, endurance performance is the power output maintained for a given time (Peterson, 2004). CE tests require an initial power output of about 10 or 25W, followed by a 25W increase in 2 to 3 minute increments (Fletcher et al, 1995). Arm ergometry would require a similar approach, but with a smaller initial power output and lower incremental increases; usually every 2 minutes (Franklin, 1985 and Balady et al, 1985). Studies have also shown that it is possible to measure actual aerobic capacity in a single session by continuously increasing the load (Birkhorst Leeuwen, 1963). The equipment used for CE tests can either be mechanical or electrically braked cycles with adjustable variable force on the pedals (Fletcher et al, 1995). The highest values of VO2 and heart rate can usually be obtained with pedaling speeds of 50 to 80 rpm (Fletcher et al, 1995). The cycles are calibrated in kilopounds (kp) or watts, where 1 W corresponds to about 6 kilopound-meters per minute (kpm/min) (Fletcher et al, 1995). This can be converted to oxygen uptake in milliliters per minute for aerobic capacity measurement purposes (Fletcher et al, 1995). A cycle ergometer is usually less expensive, more space efficient and less noisy than a treadmill (Fletcher et al, 1995). Other advantages of CE tests are that upper body movement of subjects’ are reduced, which facilitates measurements in blood pressure and making ECG recordings (Fletcher et al, 1995). CE tests also give precise quantization of external work, ultimately facilitating the calculation of certain parameters for aerobic capacity examination (Johnson, 2004). Like the TM test, it is important that subjects refrain from exercising their arms in a resistive fashion, because this results in attaining inaccurate data for aerobic capacity (Fletcher et al, 1995). In studies of patients with COPD, in addition to being inconsistent with patients’ normal activities, CE tests are less commonly used because they produced significant respiratory differences when compared with walking tests (Johnson, 2004). However, CE tests have been useful for identifying that the pathology of Gulf War veterans (GV) with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), do not show a decreased aerobic capacity like most normal CFS patients (Nagelkirk et al, 2003). Overall, although TM, 6MWT and CE tests are all used to examine aerobic capacity, there are fundamental differences between the three tests (Peterson, 2004); these include differences in the muscle group exerted, pattern of muscle use, contraction speed and time of muscles and the metabolic processes (Peterson, 2004). In summary, TM and walking tests are more likely to identify oxygen desaturation (Turner et al, 2004). 6MWT is the easiest test to perform (Turner et al, 2004), and is adequate for most purposes (Johnson, 2004). However, depending on how and what the data from the aerobic capacity testing is used for, an important factor for choosing the most suitable test is the population of subjects being observed. References American Thoracic Society 2002, ‘ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test’, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 166, pp. 111-117, viewed 24 23 April 2006, http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/166/1/111.pdf> Balady G.J., Weiner D.A., McCabe C.H., Ryan T.J. 1985, Value of Arm Exercise Testing in Detecting Coronary Artery Disease, Am. J. Cardiol., vol. 55, pp. 37-39. Birkhorst R.A., and Leeuwen P.V., 1963, ‘A Rapid Method for the Determination of Aerobic Capacity’, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 459-467, viewed 22 April 2006, http://www.springerlink.com/media/16jvphlgmre1hfpuupvn/contributions/v/5/0/2/v502752208v3240h.pdf> Cooke G.A., Hainsworth R., Marshall P., Tan L.B., Al-Timman J.K., Riley R., Wright D.J. 1998, ‘Physiological Cardiac Reserve: Development of a Non-Invasive Method and First Estimates in Man’, Heart, vol. 79, March, pp. 289-294, viewed 23 April 2006, http://heart.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/79/3/289> Cooper K., Aerobics, New York: Bantam Books, 1969 Donatelle R.J 1969, Health: The Basics, 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc., 2005. Farrell P.A., Wilmore J.H., Coyle E.F., Billing J.E., and Costill D.L. 1993, Plasma Lactate Accumulation and Distance Running Performance; 1979, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,vol.25, no. 10, pp. 1091-1097 and 1089-1090. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL, Pollock L. 1995, ‘Exercise standards: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association’. Circulation, vol. 91, pp 580-615, http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/2/580?ijkey=0811df26787e2a783372541f0bbaae62282badf6keytype2=tf_ipsecsha> Franklin B.A. 1985, Exercise Testing, Training and Arm Ergometry, Sports Med., vol. 2, pp. 100-119. Haykowsky M.., Figgures L., Jones L., Kim D., Riess K., Tymchak W., Warburton D. 2005, ‘Exercise Training Improves Aerobic Endurance and Musculoskeletal Fitness in Female Cardiac Transplant Recipients’, Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med, vol.6, no. 1, pp. 6-10, viewed 22 April 2006, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1166569blobtype=pdf> Johnson J.E. 2004,Which Exercise Test Should Be Used for Patients with Symptomatic COPD, Chest, vol.126, pp. 668-670, viewed 23 April 2006, http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/126/3/668.pdf> Johnson J.E., Gavin D.J., Adams-Dramiga 2002, ‘S Effect of Training with Heliox and Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation on Exercise Ability in Patients with Severe COPD’, Chest, vol. 122, pp. 464-472. McArdle W.D., Katch F.I., and Katch V.L. 2001. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance; Chapter 7 Oxygen Consumption. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. (NYCFD) New York City Fire Department 2006, Aerobic Fitness; To Improve Aerobic Capacity, New York, viewed 24 April 2006, http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/fitness/fitness_aerobic.shtml>. Opasich C., Capomolla S., Cobelli F., Febo O., Forni G., Pinna G.D., Mazza A., Riccardi R., Riccardi P.G., and Tavazzi L. 2001, ‘Six-Minute Walking Performance in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Heart Failure: Is it a Useful Indicator in Clinical Practice?’ European Heart Journal, vol. 22, pp. 488–496, viewed 22 April 2006, http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/22/6/488.pdf> Peak Performance 2006, Fitness Testing; Critical Swim Speed, United Kingdom, viewed 21 April 2006, http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0162.htm> Peterson A. 2004, Can endurance running performance be predicted from cycling performance? Curtin University of Technology; School of Physiotherapy, viewed 22 April 2006, http://physiotherapy.curtin.edu.au/resources/educational-resources/exphys/00/specificity.cfm> Solway S., Brooks D., Lacasse Y., and Thomas S. 2001, ‘A Qualitative Systematic Overview of the Measurement Properties of Functional Walk Tests Used in the Cardiorespiratory Domain’. Chest , vol. 119, pp. 256-270, viewed 22 April 2006, http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/119/1/256.pdf> Sports Resource Group Inc 2003, Lactate Testing for Triathlon Coaches A Framework for Testing, Lactate.com, viewed 23 April 2006, http://www.lactate.com/triathlon/trtest.htm> Turner S.E., Eastwood P.R., Cecins N.M., Hillman D.R., Jenkins S.C. 2004, Physiologic Responses to Incremental and Self-Paced Exercise in COPD: A comparison of Three Tests, Chest, vol. 126, no.3, pp. 766-73. Williams S.G., Cooke G.A., Marshall P., Parsons W.J., Riley P., Tan L.B., and Wright D.J. 2001, ‘Peak Exercise Cardiac Power Output; A Direct Indicator of Cardiac Function Strongly Predictive of Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure’, European Heart Journal, vol. 22, pp. 1496-1503, viewed 23 April 2006, http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/22/16/1496.pdf>

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Heart of Dracula Essay -- Character Analysis, Dracula, Hearth of Darkn

Within Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, the reader is introduced to two â€Å"men†, a term that is applied loosely, whom come to represent the realization of the dying days of the Victorian Era. Heart of Darkness’ Kurtz comes to be the representation of the realization in that he sees what is required from him, as well as the rest of humanity, in order for them to survive. Dracula, in contrast, is the idealization of what has to be done in order to survive. Furthermore, Dracula comes to represent the next step, in almost evolutionary terms, in that he starts to attack England on its home soil, going to so far as to transplant his own soil onto England. This reverse colonization by Dracula is the resultant action he takes based on the fact that he was able to do that which Kurtz is seemingly unable to do, sacrifice the last of his humanity to become a monster. By examining the character of Kurtz, we see that he comes to represent the degenerating institution of colonialism. Jonathan Dollimore remarks that Kurtz â€Å"embodies the paradox which degeneration theory tries to explain but only exacerbates, namely that civilization and progress seem to engender their own regression and ruin† (45). We can see this through the fact that Kurtz goes into the Belgian Congo in order to strengthen the European world, yet is ultimately unable to do so as he comes face to face with the realization of what he must do in order to succeed and survive the degeneration of the world he has known. To do this, Kurtz’s monstrosity, or as close as he comes to monstrosity, stems from the fact that the society which he is a part of and represents is dying a slow death. Therefore, his final words of â€Å"The horror! The horror!† can be interpr... ...gue of Vampirism. Stoker plays upon the irony of England, at this time one of, if not the largest, colonizing countries, being colonized, not by another country but by an intangible immigrant. Dracula’s intent is not of material wealth or power, but of controlling the people and using them as livestock. We can see this when Dracula tells Jonathan Harker that he â€Å"[has] come to know your great England, and to know her is to love her. I long to go through the crowded streets of your mighty London, to be in the midst of the whirl and rush of humanity, to share its life, its change, its death, and all that makes it what it is† (Stoker 19). Kane reaffirms this by contending that Dracula is an example of â€Å"invasion literature† acting upon the readers on England by playing with â€Å"a considerable variety of fears regarding the state of England and the English themselves† (9).

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Developing countries in the Asia Essay

An important trend occurring in the world economy is the process of globalization. Globalization is the progressive integration between national economies and the breaking down of barriers between trade and financial flows around the world, which will eventually lead to the emergence of a single world market. Globalization has affected many different nations in different ways, depending on their degree of development and extent to which they are open to the flows of the world economy. China, which is one of the developing countries, is said to be the next economic super power. Many guru economists such as Lawrence Summers predict that in the opening decades of the 21st century, china will match the US and Japanese economies. China currently ranks seventh strongest economy on a global scale. China’s economic success has not been confined to raw economic growth, especially with a huge trade surplus of over 40 billion according to world guide from 1998. China has an annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $750. Today China would have to be the most alluring country. Globalisation has many impacts on developing countries; these include growth, employment, poverty, women and finance. These will be assessed below. It is striking that global GDP growth has been slower than in previous decades since 1990, the period in which globalization has been most pronounced. This contrasts with predictions of the growth-enhancing impact of globalization. Growth is unevenly distributed among developing countries in the Asia – pacific region. In terms of per capita income growth, only 16 developing countries grew at more than 3 per cent per annum between 1985 and 2000. Some 55 developing countries grew at less than 2 per cent per annum, including 23 that suffered negative growth. The income gap between the richest and poorest countries increased significantly. This uneven pattern of growth is shaping a new global economic geography The most striking change is the rapid economic growth in China over the last two decades, together with a more gradual but significant improvement in the  economic growth performance of India. These two countries together account for more than one-  third of the world’s population. The surges in growth means more consumers that need goods and services. These needs appear because of the increase in per capita income of developing countries. Basically, globalization in developing countries makes the need for more globalization. ILO estimates that the unemployment has been increasing substantially over the last decade in the Asia – pacific region. Unemployment rates increased since 1990 in the developing countries of South-East Asia and East Asia. Causes include the financial crisis (due to globalization) at the end of the 1990s. In some major countries, unemployment rates declined after the crisis but not to pre-crisis levels. Self-employment, which indicates the informal economy, increased in all developing regions, except for East and South-East Asia. Employment performance was mixed in industrialized countries. Over the last decade unemployment increased in Japan but sharply declined in some European economies and UK. Income inequality increased in some industrialized countries, while decreasing in developing countries. Earnings increased sharply of the top 1 per cent of income earners in the US, UK and Canada. In the United States, the share of this group reached 17 per cent of gross income in 2000, a level last seen in the 1920s. Causes include high compensation paid by MNEs, the development of new businesses with a global reach. It is an error to attribute all positive or negative outcomes to globalization. Domestic structural factors are also critical, including  inequality in the income distribution and the quality of governance. The impact of globalization on poverty is difficult to assess. Most developing countries have seen greater income inequality but how far globalization can be blamed remains an open question. The number of people living in absolute poverty worldwide has declined significantly from 1,237 million in 1990 to 1,100 million in 2000 but most of the improvement was in China and India, which house 38 per cent of the world’s population. In China alone the number of people living in poverty declined from 361 million to 204 million. In the developing countries of Central Asia, poverty has increased by 8 million; globalization and regional factors were key factors. While reduction is world poverty deserves celebration, it is of little consolation to those outside the few beneficiary countries. Real social costs may occur even if aggregate indicators of unemployment and poverty do not deteriorate. Those indicators may mask the increased† churning† in labor markets and movements in and out of poverty. Perceptions of the social impacts of globalization are colored by direct experience of job or income losses, regardless of the overall picture. The mixed pictures of economic performance, employment, inequality and poverty make it extremely difficult to generalize about the impacts of globalization. Observed outcomes reflect the combined results of a complex of factors of which globalization, however broadly defined, is but one. In the developing countries, the social cost of globalization has fallen disproportionately on women. Many have been adversely affected both absolutely and in relation to men. For instance, trade liberalization has allowed the import of subsidized agricultural products and consumer goods that have wiped out the livelihoods of women producers. The increased entry of foreign firms often displaces farming women from their land or out-competes them for raw materials essential to their productive activities. Women producers also face formidable barriers to entry into new economic activities generated by globalization. This is often because of biases, either against women directly or against the micro- and small enterprise sector in which they predominate. For instance, women own less than 2 per cent of land worldwide and receive less than 10  per cent of credit. Women have also been more adversely affected than men during the  increasing number of financial crises generated by globalization and more disadvantaged  by cuts in social protection.  For many other women with some education and skills, globalization has resulted in an  improvement in their economic and social status. They include the millions of women  workers absorbed into the global production system.  This wage employment gave them higher incomes than in their previous situations, which  were either poorness and unstableness in the existence of an informal economy. Wage employment also gave these women greater potential economic independence and often raised their social status within oppressive societies. On capital account liberalization, agreement is emerging that growth benefits  are small. The potential benefits of access to financial markets are often reduced or negated by instability in countries with poorly regulated financial systems. The prominence of short-term speculative capital flows is a basic structural flaw in the system. Such flows do not contribute to productive investment and place constraints to development policy. In some cases, financial openness has led to misallocation of resources and increased the real cost of capital. The misallocation arises when information failures lead foreign lenders to finance unsound investments. The real cost of capital increases when governments raise interest rates to maintain exchange rate stability. Financial openness limits counter cyclical macro-economic policy because countries have to surrender independence over either exchange rate or economic policy. Maintaining a fixed exchange rate implies forgoing the freedom to fix domestic interest rates, while control over the latter can only be regained by allowing the exchange rate to float. Globalization also affects public finances. In both developing and industrialized countries the average level of corporate tax fell. The top marginal tax rate on personal income declined in the vast majority of countries as well, both high- and low-income, often substantially. So basically, globalization affects finances. Changes in tax rates do not necessarily reduce tax revenues since lower tax rates can also help to reduce tax evasion and increase production incentives. But tax systems may become less progressive and place more burden on labor, which is not mobile like companies and rich individuals. General Motors Asia Pacific has assembly facilities and sales operations in 15 countries in the Asia Pacific region. Manufacturing and assembly operations are in Australia, China, Indonesia, India, Korea and Thailand. China, Thailand and India are few of the developing countries with General  motors manufacturing factories within them. These factories offer substantial work opportunities to unemployed people, so it benefits unemployment rates. Examples of other transnational corporations are Nike and McDonald’s; corporations like these contribute greatly to globalization in developing countries. McDonald’s is one of the most criticized companies by antiglobalists who reproach corporation’s low wages, advertising practices, involvement in deforestation, harvesting of animals, and promotion of junk food and an unhealthy diet. Nike is another company that is getting globalize and is also often the target of antiglobalists’ demonstrations. According to human rights activists, Nike factory workers in developing countries as in China are paid $1.25 a day while working eight to fifteen hours a day. Human rights activists argue that, Nike is undermining human dignity for a profit. You may survive on $1.25 a day, but you cannot live and maintain your dignity. All of there criticisms contribute to globalization. Developing countries have imposed a few ways to reduce/increase the impacts of globalisation. In a positive view, to increase the impacts, lets look at China, has a very large and growing population, and not all the people who live there are employed, so a TNC like General Motors will be urged by the country to build more factories as it fixes the problem of unemployment. Countries who are against globalisation have got laws and regulations, human rights against TNC’s – so people don’t be used as cheap labour like Nike and McDonalds have done, which was also mentioned above. As seen above, there are negative and positive impacts of globalisation on developing countries. Transnational corporations also contribute to globalisation in both negative and positive ways. Countries do things in their power to increase the positive impacts and to decrease the negative  impacts.

Friday, November 8, 2019

help me of you essays

help me of you essays The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The society in which we live has been shaped historically by males. The policy-makers have consistently been male and therefore it is not surprising that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result of A perfect example of society's male-dominance interfering in education unintentionally is when teachers assign projects to their students. The teachers may hand out lists of acceptable topics ranging, in a history class for example, from fashion to transportation. The teachers then give the students a choice as to which topic they would like to do the project on. The underlying problem with this is that girls tend to choose what could be considered more "feminine" topics while the boys will choose the more "masculine" ones. The workplace is another place where men and women are not equal. The most obvious sign starts at the top. Look at CEOs of corporation; the majority of which are men. Women serving as CEOs are a rare sight. Another sign of the unfairness can also be found in the lower ranks. Men are often applauded for being assertive and giving orders. By giving orders, men are taking a leadership role. Demonstrating leadership ability is a quality that employers often look for. On the other hand, women who are assertive and give orders are not well liked in the work place. For women to be well liked in the work place, they have to be subordinate to the men Society has lived with this inequality for many years. It's impossible for society to change overnight. The problem will not and cannot disappear overnight. A lot of progress has been made over time but, more time is needed to finish what was started. ta jhuio fhkivm dfv df vdfdfv df vdf vdf vdf v dfv df vfv df vdf v df vf v dfdf vdf vdf v f vfv f f v df vdfv df v ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

New to Old SAT Conversion - Official Formulas and Tools

New to Old SAT Conversion - Official Formulas and Tools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips As of March 5, 2016, the new SAT is out. This means that those who took the old 2400-point SAT may want to know what their new 1600-point SAT score would have been, and vice versa. This information is critical for when you research and apply to scholarships and colleges that use a different version of the SAT than the one you took. Here, we give theofficial conversionsbetween old SAT and new SAT scores. These conversions come directly from the College Board, and we've made automatic conversion tools to make it easier for you! Converting from Old SAT to New SAT Do you have your old SAT score, including the scores for each section: Writing, Mathematics, and Critical Reading? If so,just plug your current numbers into the left hand side below, and your new total will pop out automatically on the right! Enter your old 2400 SAT here: Old Math (max 800) Old Reading(max 800) Old Writing (max 800) Get new 1600 SAT scores here: Old Total SAT (max 2400) New Math (max 800) New Reading + Writing (max 800) New Total SAT (max 1600) // 800) { $(this).val(800); } var m = parseInt($("#in_old_math").val()); var w = parseInt($("#in_old_writing").val()); var c = parseInt($("#in_old_critical").val()); var old_r = w + c var old_total = m + c + w; var new_m; var new_r; var new_total; if (isNaN(m)) { $("#out_new_math").val(''); } else { switch (m) { case 200:new_m = 200;break;case 210:new_m = 220;break;case 220:new_m = 230;break;case 230:new_m = 250;break;case 240:new_m = 260;break;case 250:new_m = 280;break;case 260:new_m = 300;break;case 270:new_m = 310;break;case 280:new_m = 330;break;case 290:new_m = 340;break;case 300:new_m = 350;break;case 310:new_m = 360;break;case 320:new_m = 360;break;case 330:new_m = 370;break;case 340:new_m = 380;break;case 350:new_m = 390;break;case 360:new_m = 400;break;case 370:new_m = 410;break;case 380:new_m = 420;break;case 390:new_m = 430;break;case 400:new_m = 440;break;case 410:new_m = 450;break;case 420:new_m = 460;break;case 430:new_m = 470;break;case 440:new_m = 480;break;case 450:new_m = 490;break;case 460:new_m = 500;break;case 470:new_m = 510;break;case 480:new_m = 510;break;case 490:new_m = 520;break;case 500:new_m = 530;break;case 510:new_m = 540;break;case 520:new_m = 550;break;case 530:new_m = 560;break;case 540:new_m = 570;break;case 550:new_m = 570;break;ca se 560:new_m = 580;break;case 570:new_m = 590;break;case 580:new_m = 600;break;case 590:new_m = 610;break;case 600:new_m = 620;break;case 610:new_m = 630;break;case 620:new_m = 640;break;case 630:new_m = 650;break;case 640:new_m = 660;break;case 650:new_m = 670;break;case 660:new_m = 690;break;case 670:new_m = 700;break;case 680:new_m = 710;break;case 690:new_m = 720;break;case 700:new_m = 730;break;case 710:new_m = 740;break;case 720:new_m = 750;break;case 730:new_m = 760;break;case 740:new_m = 760;break;case 750:new_m = 770;break;case 760:new_m = 780;break;case 770:new_m = 780;break;case 780:new_m = 790;break;case 790:new_m = 800;break;case 800:new_m = 800;break; } $("#out_new_math").val(new_m); } if (isNaN(old_r)) { $("#out_new_verbal").val(''); } else { switch (old_r) { case 400:new_r = 200;break;case 410:new_r = 210;break;case 420:new_r = 220;break;case 430:new_r = 230;break;case 440:new_r = 240;break;case 450:new_r = 260;break;case 460:new_r = 270;break;case 470:new_r = 280;break;case 480:new_r = 290;break;case 490:new_r = 300;break;case 500:new_r = 310;break;case 510:new_r = 310;break;case 520:new_r = 320;break;case 530:new_r = 320;break;case 540:new_r = 330;break;case 550:new_r = 330;break;case 560:new_r = 330;break;case 570:new_r = 340;break;case 580:new_r = 340;break;case 590:new_r = 350;break;case 600:new_r = 350;break;case 610:new_r = 360;break;case 620:new_r = 360;break;case 630:new_r = 360;break;case 640:new_r = 370;break;case 650:new_r = 370;break;case 660:new_r = 380;break;case 670:new_r = 380;break;case 680:new_r = 390;break;case 690:new_r = 390;break;case 700:new_r = 400;break;case 710:new_r = 400;break;case 720:new_r = 410;break;case 730:new_r = 410;break;case 740:new_r = 420;break;case 750:new_r = 420;break;ca se 760:new_r = 430;break;case 770:new_r = 430;break;case 780:new_r = 440;break;case 790:new_r = 440;break;case 800:new_r = 450;break;case 810:new_r = 450;break;case 820:new_r = 460;break;case 830:new_r = 460;break;case 840:new_r = 470;break;case 850:new_r = 480;break;case 860:new_r = 480;break;case 870:new_r = 490;break;case 880:new_r = 490;break;case 890:new_r = 500;break;case 900:new_r = 500;break;case 910:new_r = 510;break;case 920:new_r = 510;break;case 930:new_r = 520;break;case 940:new_r = 530;break;case 950:new_r = 530;break;case 960:new_r = 540;break;case 970:new_r = 540;break;case 980:new_r = 550;break;case 990:new_r = 550;break;case 1000:new_r = 560;break;case 1010:new_r = 560;break;case 1020:new_r = 570;break;case 1030:new_r = 570;break;case 1040:new_r = 580;break;case 1050:new_r = 580;break;case 1060:new_r = 590;break;case 1070:new_r = 590;break;case 1080:new_r = 600;break;case 1090:new_r = 600;break;case 1100:new_r = 610;break;case 1110:new_r = 610;break;case 1120:new_r = 620;break;case 1130:new_r = 620;break;case 1140:new_r = 630;break;case 1150:new_r = 630;break;case 1160:new_r = 640;break;case 1170:new_r = 640;break;case 1180:new_r = 650;break;case 1190:new_r = 650;break;case 1200:new_r = 650;break;case 1210:new_r = 660;break;case 1220:new_r = 660;break;case 1230:new_r = 670;break;case 1240:new_r = 670;break;case 1250:new_r = 680;break;case 1260:new_r = 680;break;case 1270:new_r = 680;break;case 1280:new_r = 690;break;case 1290:new_r = 690;break;case 1300:new_r = 700;break;case 1310:new_r = 700;break;case 1320:new_r = 700;break;case 1330:new_r = 710;break;case 1340:new_r = 710;break;case 1350:new_r = 710;break;case 1360:new_r = 720;break;case 1370:new_r = 720;break;case 1380:new_r = 730;break;case 1390:new_r = 730;break;case 1400:new_r = 730;break;case 1410:new_r = 740;break;case 1420:new_r = 740;break;case 1430:new_r = 740;break;case 1440:new_r = 750;break;case 1450:new_r = 750;break;case 1460:new_r = 750;break;case 1470:new_r = 760;break;case 1480:new_r = 760;break;case 1490:new_r = 760;break;case 1500:new_r = 770;break;case 1510:new_r = 770;break;case 1520:new_r = 770;break;case 1530:new_r = 780;break;case 1540:new_r = 780;break;case 1550:new_r = 780;break;case 1560:new_r = 790;break;case 1570:new_r = 790;break;case 1580:new_r = 800;break;case 1590:new_r = 800;break;case 1600:new_r = 800;break; } $("#out_new_verbal").val(new_r); } if (!isNaN(old_total)) { $("#out_old_total").val(old_total); switch (old_total) {case 600: new_total = 400; break; case 610: new_total = 410; break; case 620: new_total = 420; break; case 630: new_total = 430; break; case 640: new_total = 440; break; case 650: new_total = 450; break; case 660: new_total = 460; break; case 670: new_total = 470; break; case 680: new_total = 480; break; case 690: new_total = 490; break; case 700: new_total = 500; break; case 710: new_total = 510; break; case 720: new_total = 520; break; case 730: new_total = 530; break; case 740: new_total = 540; break; case 750: new_total = 550; break; case 760: new_total = 560; break; case 770: new_total = 580; break; case 780: new_total = 590; break; case 790: new_total = 600; break; case 800: new_total = 610; break; case 810: new_total = 620; break; case 820: new_total = 630; break; case 830: new_total = 640; break; case 840: new_total = 650; break; case 850: new_total = 660; break; case 860: new_total = 670; break; case 870: new_total = 680; break; case 880: new_total = 690; break; case 890: new_total = 690; break; case 900: new_total = 700; break; case 910: new_total = 710; break; case 920: new_total = 710; break; case 930: new_total = 720; break; case 940: new_total = 730; break; case 950: new_total = 730; break; case 960: new_total = 740; break; case 970: new_total = 740; break; case 980: new_total = 750; break; case 990: new_total = 760; break; case 1000: new_total = 760; break; case 1010: new_total = 770; break; case 1020: new_total = 780; break; case 1030: new_total = 780; break; case 1040: new_total = 790; break; case 1050: new_total = 800; break; case 1060: new_total = 800; break; case 1070: new_total = 810; break; case 1080: new_total = 810; break; case 1090: new_total = 820; break; case 1100: new_total = 830; break; case 1110: new_total = 830; break; case 1120: new_total = 840; break; case 1130: new_total = 850; break; case 1140: new_total = 850; break; case 1150: new_total = 860; break; case 1160: new_total = 870; break; case 1170: new_ total = 870; break; case 1180: new_total = 880; break; case 1190: new_total = 890; break; case 1200: new_total = 890; break; case 1210: new_total = 900; break; case 1220: new_total = 910; break; case 1230: new_total = 910; break; case 1240: new_total = 920; break; case 1250: new_total = 930; break; case 1260: new_total = 930; break; case 1270: new_total = 940; break; case 1280: new_total = 950; break; case 1290: new_total = 950; break; case 1300: new_total = 960; break; case 1310: new_total = 970; break; case 1320: new_total = 980; break; case 1330: new_total = 980; break; case 1340: new_total = 990; break; case 1350: new_total = 1000; break; case 1360: new_total = 1000; break; case 1370: new_total = 1010; break; case 1380: new_total = 1020; break; case 1390: new_total = 1020; break; case 1400: new_total = 1030; break; case 1410: new_total = 1030; break; case 1420: new_total = 1040; break; case 1430: new_total = 1050; break; case 1440: new_total = 1050; break; case 1450: new_total = 1060; break; case 1460: new_total = 1070; break; case 1470: new_total = 1070; break; case 1480: new_total = 1080; break; case 1490: new_total = 1090; break; case 1500: new_total = 1090; break; case 1510: new_total = 1100; break; case 1520: new_total = 1110; break; case 1530: new_total = 1110; break; case 1540: new_total = 1120; break; case 1550: new_total = 1120; break; case 1560: new_total = 1130; break; case 1570: new_total = 1140; break; case 1580: new_total = 1140; break; case 1590: new_total = 1150; break; case 1600: new_total = 1160; break; case 1610: new_total = 1160; break; case 1620: new_total = 1170; break; case 1630: new_total = 1180; break; case 1640: new_total = 1180; break; case 1650: new_total = 1190; break; case 1660: new_total = 1200; break; case 1670: new_total = 1200; break; case 1680: new_total = 1210; break; case 1690: new_total = 1210; break; case 1700: new_total = 1220; break; case 1710: new_total = 1230; break; case 1720: new_total = 1230; break; case 1730: new_total = 1240; break; case 1740: new_total = 1250; break; case 1750: new_total = 1250; break; case 1760: new_total = 1260; break; case 1770: new_total = 1270; break; case 1780: new_total = 1270; break; case 1790: new_total = 1280; break; case 1800: new_total = 1290; break; case 1810: new_total = 1290; break; case 1820: new_total = 1300; break; case 1830: new_total = 1300; break; case 1840: new_total = 1310; break; case 1850: new_total = 1320; break; case 1860: new_total = 1320; break; case 1870: new_total = 1330; break; case 1880: new_total = 1340; break; case 1890: new_total = 1340; break; case 1900: new_total = 1350; break; case 1910: new_total = 1350; break; case 1920: new_total = 1360; break; case 1930: new_total = 1370; break; case 1940: new_total = 1370; break; case 1950: new_total = 1380; break; case 1960: new_total = 1380; break; case 1970: new_total = 1390; break; case 1980: new_total = 1400; break; case 1990: new_total = 1400; break; case 2000: new_total = 1410; break; case 2010: new_total = 1410; break; case 2020: new_total = 1420; break; case 2030: new_total = 1430; break; case 2040: new_total = 1430; break; case 2050: new_total = 1440; break; case 2060: new_total = 1440; break; case 2070: new_total = 1450; break; case 2080: new_total = 1450; break; case 2090: new_total = 1460; break; case 2100: new_total = 1470; break; case 2110: new_total = 1470; break; case 2120: new_total = 1480; break; case 2130: new_total = 1480; break; case 2140: new_total = 1490; break; case 2150: new_total = 1490; break; case 2160: new_total = 1500; break; case 2170: new_total = 1500; break; case 2180: new_total = 1510; break; case 2190: new_total = 1510; break; case 2200: new_total = 1510; break; case 2210: new_total = 1520; break; case 2220: new_total = 1520; break; case 2230: new_total = 1530; break; case 2240: new_total = 1530; break; case 2250: new_total = 1540; break; case 2260: new_total = 1540; break; case 2270: new_total = 1550; break; case 2280: new_total = 15 50; break; case 2290: new_total = 1550; break; case 2300: new_total = 1560; break; case 2310: new_total = 1560; break; case 2320: new_total = 1570; break; case 2330: new_total = 1570; break; case 2340: new_total = 1580; break; case 2350: new_total = 1580; break; case 2360: new_total = 1590; break; case 2370: new_total = 1590; break; case 2380: new_total = 1590; break; case 2390: new_total = 1600; break; case 2400: new_total = 1600; break; } $("#out_new_total").val(new_total); var old_to_new_error_payload = "Why don't the section scores add up to the total score? Summing ".concat(new_m.toString()," and ",new_r.toString()," gives ",(new_m+new_r).toString(),", not ",new_total.toString(),"! The reason is that the College Board has one conversion table for individual sections (like Math to Math), and another for total to total conversion. They try to make each individual conversion as accurate as possible, which leads to some inconsistencies. You can read more here.Long story short? Don't worry about it. These are only meant to be estimates anyway. The two totals are ",Math.abs(new_total-new_r-new_m).toString()," points apart - just split the difference and use that value for what you need."); if (new_total != (new_r + new_m)) { document.getElementById("old_to_new_error").innerHTML = old_to_new_error_payload; } else { document.getElementById("old_to_new_error").innerHTML = ""; } } else { $("#out_old_total").val(''); $("#out_new_total").val(''); document.getElementById("old_to_new_error").innerHTML = ""; } }); }); // ]]> New 1600 SAT to Old 2400 SAT Conversion Tool Alternatively, if you want to input your New SAT scores and get old SAT scores back, here's how to do it: Enter your new 1600 SAT here: New Math (max 800) New Reading + Writing (max 800) Get old 2400 SAT scoreshere: New Total SAT (max 1600) Old Math (max 800) Old Reading + Writing (max 1600) Old Total SAT (max 2400) // 800) { $(this).val(800); } var new_m = parseInt($("#in_new_math").val()); var new_v = parseInt($("#in_new_verbal").val()); new_total = new_m + new_v var old_m; var old_v; var old_total; if (isNaN(new_m)) { $("#out_old_math").val(''); } else { switch (new_m) { case 200: old_m = 200; break; case 210: old_m = 200; break; case 220: old_m = 210; break; case 230: old_m = 220; break; case 240: old_m = 220; break; case 250: old_m = 230; break; case 260: old_m = 240; break; case 270: old_m = 240; break; case 280: old_m = 250; break; case 290: old_m = 260; break; case 300: old_m = 260; break; case 310: old_m = 270; break; case 320: old_m = 280; break; case 330: old_m = 280; break; case 340: old_m = 290; break; case 350: old_m = 300; break; case 360: old_m = 310; break; case 370: old_m = 330; break; case 380: old_m = 340; break; case 390: old_m = 350; break; case 400: old_m = 360; break; case 410: old_m = 370; break; case 420: old_m = 380; break; case 430: old_m = 390; break; case 440: old_m = 400; break; case 450: old_m = 410; break; case 460: old_m = 420; break; case 470: old_m = 430; break; case 480: old_m = 440; break; case 490: old_m = 450; break; case 500: old_m = 460; break; case 510: old_m = 470; break; case 520: old_ m = 490; break; case 530: old_m = 500; break; case 540: old_m = 510; break; case 550: old_m = 520; break; case 560: old_m = 530; break; case 570: old_m = 550; break; case 580: old_m = 560; break; case 590: old_m = 570; break; case 600: old_m = 580; break; case 610: old_m = 590; break; case 620: old_m = 600; break; case 630: old_m = 610; break; case 640: old_m = 620; break; case 650: old_m = 630; break; case 660: old_m = 640; break; case 670: old_m = 650; break; case 680: old_m = 650; break; case 690: old_m = 660; break; case 700: old_m = 670; break; case 710: old_m = 680; break; case 720: old_m = 690; break; case 730: old_m = 700; break; case 740: old_m = 710; break; case 750: old_m = 720; break; case 760: old_m = 740; break; case 770: old_m = 750; break; case 780: old_m = 760; break; case 790: old_m = 780; break; case 800: old_m = 800; break; } $("#out_old_math").val(old_m); } if (isNaN(new_v)) { $("#out_old_critical").val(''); } else { switch (new_v) { case 200:old_v = 400;break;case 210:old_v = 410;break;case 220:old_v = 420;break;case 230:old_v = 430;break;case 240:old_v = 440;break;case 250:old_v = 440;break;case 260:old_v = 450;break;case 270:old_v = 460;break;case 280:old_v = 470;break;case 290:old_v = 480;break;case 300:old_v = 490;break;case 310:old_v = 500;break;case 320:old_v = 520;break;case 330:old_v = 550;break;case 340:old_v = 570;break;case 350:old_v = 600;break;case 360:old_v = 620;break;case 370:old_v = 640;break;case 380:old_v = 660;break;case 390:old_v = 690;break;case 400:old_v = 710;break;case 410:old_v = 730;break;case 420:old_v = 750;break;case 430:old_v = 770;break;case 440:old_v = 790;break;case 450:old_v = 800;break;case 460:old_v = 820;break;case 470:old_v = 840;break;case 480:old_v = 860;break;case 490:old_v = 880;break;case 500:old_v = 890;break;case 510:old_v = 910;break;case 520:old_v = 930;break;case 530:old_v = 950;break;case 540:old_v = 970;break;case 550:old_v = 990;break;ca se 560:old_v = 1010;break;case 570:old_v = 1020;break;case 580:old_v = 1040;break;case 590:old_v = 1060;break;case 600:old_v = 1080;break;case 610:old_v = 1100;break;case 620:old_v = 1120;break;case 630:old_v = 1150;break;case 640:old_v = 1170;break;case 650:old_v = 1190;break;case 660:old_v = 1210;break;case 670:old_v = 1240;break;case 680:old_v = 1260;break;case 690:old_v = 1290;break;case 700:old_v = 1310;break;case 710:old_v = 1340;break;case 720:old_v = 1370;break;case 730:old_v = 1390;break;case 740:old_v = 1420;break;case 750:old_v = 1450;break;case 760:old_v = 1480;break;case 770:old_v = 1510;break;case 780:old_v = 1540;break;case 790:old_v = 1560;break;case 800:old_v = 1590;break; } $("#out_old_critical").val(old_v); } if (!isNaN(new_total)) { $("#out_new_total2").val(new_total); switch(new_total) { case 400: old_total = 600; break;case 410: old_total = 610; break;case 420: old_total = 620; break;case 430: old_total = 630; break;case 440: old_total = 640; break;case 450: old_total = 650; break;case 460: old_total = 660; break;case 470: old_total = 670; break;case 480: old_total = 680; break;case 490: old_total = 690; break;case 500: old_total = 700; break;case 510: old_total = 710; break;case 520: old_total = 720; break;case 530: old_total = 730; break;case 540: old_total = 730; break;case 550: old_total = 740; break;case 560: old_total = 750; break;case 570: old_total = 760; break;case 580: old_total = 770; break;case 590: old_total = 780; break;case 600: old_total = 790; break;case 610: old_total = 800; break;case 620: old_total = 810; break;case 630: old_total = 820; break;case 640: old_total = 830; break;case 650: old_total = 840; break;case 660: old_total = 850; break;case 670: old_total = 860; break;case 680: old_total = 870; break;case 690: old_total = 880; break;ca se 700: old_total = 900; break;case 710: old_total = 910; break;case 720: old_total = 930; break;case 730: old_total = 950; break;case 740: old_total = 960; break;case 750: old_total = 980; break;case 760: old_total = 990; break;case 770: old_total = 1010; break;case 780: old_total = 1030; break;case 790: old_total = 1040; break;case 800: old_total = 1060; break;case 810: old_total = 1070; break;case 820: old_total = 1090; break;case 830: old_total = 1110; break;case 840: old_total = 1120; break;case 850: old_total = 1140; break;case 860: old_total = 1150; break;case 870: old_total = 1170; break;case 880: old_total = 1180; break;case 890: old_total = 1200; break;case 900: old_total = 1210; break;case 910: old_total = 1220; break;case 920: old_total = 1240; break;case 930: old_total = 1250; break;case 940: old_total = 1270; break;case 950: old_total = 1280; break;case 960: old_total = 1300; break;case 970: old_total = 1310; break;case 980: old_total = 1330; break;case 990: old_total = 1340; break;case 1000: old_total = 1360; break;case 1010: old_total = 1370; break;case 1020: old_total = 1390; break;case 1030: old_total = 1400; break;case 1040: old_total = 1420; break;case 1050: old_total = 1430; break;case 1060: old_total = 1450; break;case 1070: old_total = 1460; break;case 1080: old_total = 1480; break;case 1090: old_total = 1490; break;case 1100: old_total = 1510; break;case 1110: old_total = 1530; break;case 1120: old_total = 1540; break;case 1130: old_total = 1560; break;case 1140: old_total = 1570; break;case 1150: old_total = 1590; break;case 1160: old_total = 1610; break;case 1170: old_total = 1620; break;case 1180: old_total = 1640; break;case 1190: old_total = 1650; break;case 1200: old_total = 1670; break;case 1210: old_total = 1680; break;case 1220: old_total = 1700; break;case 1230: old_total = 1710; break;case 1240: old_total = 1730; break;case 1250: old_total = 1750; break;case 1260: old_total = 1760; break;case 1270: old_total = 1780; break;cas e 1280: old_total = 1790; break;case 1290: old_total = 1810; break;case 1300: old_total = 1820; break;case 1310: old_total = 1840; break;case 1320: old_total = 1850; break;case 1330: old_total = 1870; break;case 1340: old_total = 1880; break;case 1350: old_total = 1900; break;case 1360: old_total = 1920; break;case 1370: old_total = 1930; break;case 1380: old_total = 1950; break;case 1390: old_total = 1970; break;case 1400: old_total = 1990; break;case 1410: old_total = 2000; break;case 1420: old_total = 2020; break;case 1430: old_total = 2040; break;case 1440: old_total = 2060; break;case 1450: old_total = 2080; break;case 1460: old_total = 2090; break;case 1470: old_total = 2110; break;case 1480: old_total = 2130; break;case 1490: old_total = 2150; break;case 1500: old_total = 2170; break;case 1510: old_total = 2190; break;case 1520: old_total = 2210; break;case 1530: old_total = 2230; break;case 1540: old_total = 2260; break;case 1550: old_total = 2280; break;case 1560: old_total = 2300; break;case 1570: old_total = 2330; break;case 1580: old_total = 2350; break;case 1590: old_total = 2370; break;case 1600: old_total = 2390; break; } $("#out_old_total2").val(old_total); var new_to_old_error_payload = "Why don't the old section scores add up to the old total score? Summing ".concat(old_m.toString()," and ",old_v.toString()," gives ",(old_m+old_v).toString(),", not ",old_total.toString(),"! The reason is that the College Board has one conversion table for individual sections (like Math to Math), and another for total to total conversion. They try to make each individual conversion as accurate as possible, which leads to some inconsistencies. You can read more here.Long story short? Don't worry about it. These are only meant to be estimates anyway. The two totals are ",Math.abs(old_total-old_m-old_v).toString()," points apart - just split the difference and use that value for what you need."); if (old_total != (old_v + old_m)) { document.getElementById("new_to_old_error").innerHTML = new_to_old_error_payload; } else { document.getElementById("new_to_old_error").innerHTML = ""; } } else { $("#out_old_total2").val(''); $("#out_new_total2").val(''); document.getElementById("new_to_old_error").innerHTML = ""; } }); }); // ]]> More Information About Converting Between Scores When You'll Want to Convert Between Scores On one hand, the new SAT and the old SAT are different tests. No single test captures all the information from other tests. Comparing your score on the two tests is, in some ways, like comparing your marathon speed with your 100-meter-sprint speed. While the two speeds are probably correlated, the tests are different, and no one test fully summarizes the other. On the other hand, scores from the two tests are indisputably related. They both aim to test similar concepts, they have similar functions as college admissions tests, and they both keep some of the same multiple-choice features. If you do well on one test, you'll tend to do well on the other. Therefore,it absolutely makes sense to talk about converting between one score and another. The concept we use in the conversion above is calledtheoretical equivalence. That is, if you were to perform as well on one test as the other, what would your total score and section scores be? This gives us a formula where the math section remains the same, and the verbal sections map onto each other. You can use this conversionif you're administering scholarships or admissions and want the same standards across the board. If you're intuitively used to thinking in terms of Old SAT scores, this conversion lets you understand New SAT scores better. However, you should be aware of one caveat if you are using conversion tables to predict test scores. The caveat is that you'll experience regression to the mean. If you did better than average on the old sat (above 1500), you'll do just a tad lower than on the new SAT than your conversion chart score. Likewise, if you did worse than average (less than 1500) on the old SAT, you'll do just a tad better on the new SAT. The reason for this is that new test doesn't test exactly the same things as the old test, and for the new subjects being tested, you are statistically more likely to do more average. Thus, you should expect your score to shrink towards the average. What To Do Next? Now you've converted between the two scores, one thing you should very seriously consider is taking the new SAT. Even if you have an old SAT score, and you've predicted your new SAT score according to the above conversion formula, you will likely perform somewhat differently when you take the real new SAT. This is a good thing because, with superscoring, you have two bites at the apple and more chances to improve. Likewise, if you took both the old SAT and the new SAT, and found that your old SAT converted to more than your actual new SAT score, this is a sign you just had bad luck on your new SAT. If you take it again, there is a good chance you'll scorehigher! FurtherReading Wondering how many times you should take the SAT? Check out our guide and learn the exact number that's best for you! Planning on taking the SAT? Learn thebest ways to study for the new version of the SAT. Have you taken the SAT more than once or are planning on taking it more than once? Superscoring can be a huge benefit for you! Learn what superscoring is,when it's used, and how it can help you with college admissions. //

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Global Economic Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Global Economic Perspectives - Essay Example The major principles around which GATT / WHO function are:The major principles around which GATT / WHO function are: Non-discrimination: All member countries are treated at par and on the merits of the trade issue at hand and even the smallest members have the opportunity to present their case against any other member irrespective of size or global clout to protect its international trade interests.Transparency: Members of WTO can review and debate issues of international trade and agreements in an open forum, and due to its functioning being similar to that of a tribunal, absolute transparency is assured in the search for their resolution in a timely manner.Member-driven organisation: The WTO is run by and for its members, and all decisions are taken with the complete knowledge of all members after consultation in an open forum.The WTO contributes to international trade in many different ways.†¢ Assisting developing and transition economies: Out of a total of 148 members, about three-fourths are developing countries, and in addition to economies that are transitioning to the open market, play an ever-increasing role in the functioning of the WTO. With the increasing influence of these countries in the functioning of the WTO, as also their increasing influence in world affairs, the WTO assists these nations in meeting their needs and solving their problems. The WTO Secretariat’s Training and Technical Cooperation Institute organizes training programmes and workshops for officials of such governments.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Lizardo vs Denny Inc. NDI Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lizardo vs Denny Inc. NDI - Case Study Example In handling the situation, the security guards and the Denny’s management should have calmly sorted out the issue, therefore avoiding the extremism they found themselves in. In a country having high racism records, the affected races were bound to be paranoid and treatments from the major races that seemed unfavorable were construed to be discrimination.Having this at the back of their minds, it would have been therefore proper that the when Chiu complained of the long wait and introducing the element of discrimination , to be explained to that there were others on the waiting list long before them. A customer’s complaint should have been addressed soberly and not with annoyance of Ms. Kirts and the subsequent ejection of Lizardo, the second complainant to their services.The security guards reaction and the shoving of the two plaintiffs’ was a clear indication that Mr. Adam had personalized the whole issue which should not have been the case. The security guard s hould not even have involved himself in the word exchange as this aggravated the tension and led to the physical fights. He should have however restrained himself from anything that would suggest to the paranoid plaintiffs that they were being discriminated against.The manager on the other hand also seemed to have personalized the issue and the African American complaint of the security guard is taken as an offence leading to the profane respond that made them be ejected too out of the restaurant.