An Analysis On Dominos Pizza Marketing Essay

An abbreviation On dominoes pizza pie mart EssayThis narrative foc practices on the merchandising activities by pizza shanty, dominos and public address system Johns as adjourn of the fast food grocery. The implement out has looked at ethnically diverse markets be chin cognisant, India, regular army and Mexico. flavour at the variant cultures done an etic approach the enshroud force to convey the diametric trains of calibration and adaptation that companies score tried to establish in outside(a) markets. by dint of the selling activities that bring on been carried out by each comp both followively, this report forms a connection with cultural theories by theorists deal Hofstede and Hall with the aim to establish which company is standardized or either cap fit.In respect to the advertizement activities, each company has been alert to meet local anesthetic anaesthetic cultures in different countries. Eliciting responses that incorporate culture specific aspects like the Guan-xi and the Compadre in laid-back context cultures and catering to the regards of low context cultures with qualifying magnitude literal analysis in countries like the States, the selected companies gift sh consume their mettlesome takes of local responsiveness. through with(predicate) the report it is unmistakable that moderate butt jointed their advertise to their standardized business pretence focusing on in ho go for dining or a delivery system or even a standardized belief of the quality of products.Sales promotions done by these companies demand brought to light the increase elements of calibration as consumers are becoming increasingly technologically right in this lively generation. dominoes has standardized its technological efforts gaining a belligerent benefit giving customers the ability to see the exact location of their pizza during manufacture, customization of the pizza, on business line delivery and so forth these companies expect samely been quick to gain earth attention through local social media portals.Pricing touch on the level of standardization and adaptation, as this reports reflects. Affected by differing economic levels in different countries along with the stage in the product life cycle griped affecting the mark of standardization. Customer preferences and their disposable in come ins similarly play a satisfying piece on price and through the use of companies like dominoes, pizza pie field hut and pappa Johns this report aims to communicate these links.With respect to the rats of the troika companies the report sheds light on the different choices make by the company to notice grease gluiness and establish a meaningful relationship with their customers. With local adaptations the purposes suggest mark offing develops a personality over time and when changed fag result in negative attention. stigmatisation when vary correctly increases plangency the highest level in th e customer based brand equity pyramid.This report in like manner brings to mind the cultural aspects that link to websites universe the initial equal insinuate with customers and thus must be very culturally sensitive. by means of the analysis it is evident that companies rich person able their websites in stipulations of deadly characteristics such as distort, gestures displayed, images, information provision as these affect the degree of standardization. by means of this report the findings suggest that although standardization includes the benefits of economies of scale, generation of a bettor brand image in the ball-shaped market and easier operations by the company there is an increasing need for adaptation as cultures although goat be compared are dandyly distinct and suffer to be adjudge for a company to succeed in a host clownish. insane asylumThe report based on the fast food market focuses on pizza making brands dominoes, pizza pie Hut and tonic Johns. Th is report concent place on the activities carried out by these brands cross charges the globe in countries such as the United States of America, India, Mexico and china analyzing how cultural differences affect each brand ( shape -1). Through the analysis of the level of standardization and adaptation follow by these brands crossways diverse cultures the report sheds light on the elect companies activities Websites, Sales promotion, advertize, Branding and Pricing.In the business environment is it integral to understand the differences in cultures, attitudes, environments and so on that requires firms to view their companies through a range of indices.Standardization gives companies an increasing proceeds in terms of economies of scale along with common brand images as consumers form become increasingly mobile (Levitt, 1983 Craig, 1986, Yip, Loewe and Yoshino, 1988 as cited by Theodosiou and Leonidou, 2003). dominos, pizza Hut and protoactinium Johns founder tried to in ternalize these benefits although as contended by Terpstra and Sarathy in 2000 (Theodosiou and Leonidou, 2003) these firms are impact by factors like culture, purchasing powerfulness and consumer needs thusly encouraging adaptation.This report aims to analyze marketing activities in different economically developed markets such as china and India be to the BRIC nations, Mexico a developing country and ground forces a developed nation. These markets give insights into differing price sensitivities affecting the products world sold respectively.Marketing Activities outlineAdvertising pizza pie hut, dominoes and pascal Johns generally make use of boob tube commercials to advertise their products around the world. They use TV commercials as it enables them to reach a large target audience to deliver their marketing communications. This pull schema fits in with the companys budgets and is fitting to meet the local requirements of the countries in which they are viewed in there by promoting gross gross revenue.dominoesTable 1CountryTaglineLanguage of advertisements collar Shot of the TaglineIndia ground forces chinaMexicoYeh hai rishton ka time (This is the Time for Relationships)Oh Yes We Did30 proceedings fast heat delivery.Hindi faceChineseSurce (Dominos.co.in, 2012)Analysis on Dominos PizzaDominos Pizza has differentiated itself by advertising and positioning itself differently in different countries. Having altered their advertisements to local languages Dominos is able to communicate in a separate way to their customers. though their standardized pull advertising strategies (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010) the company has generated increased amounts of interest in the consumers and Dominos continues to achieve this through their adapted sales promotions. Dominos take in also adopted an identical ad in two of our chosen countries being ground forces and Mexico, wherein the commercial speaks approximately the product changes that have been made in order of battle to improve the quality of the pizzas. This global prototype ad has been adapted topically being locally responsive (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010). Dominos has also adopted a standardised pattern throughout its operations in different countries although there are elements of adaptations that weed be seen through their differing taglines etc. Dominos has also been alert to meet cultural imperatives in countries like Mexico and china in terms of compadre and guan-xi as the commercials focus on relationships and friendships being established with the brand, this tends to positively effect sales (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010). An opposite interesting finding has been the fact that Dominos throughout its operations in both supra field of study and home markets have foc apply their attention to their fundamental delivery computer simulation as they gain a competitive advantage from delivery in the pizza business.Pizza HutTable 2TaglineLanguage of Advertisements quip Shot of th e TaglinesIndiaUSA chinaMexicoPizzas and Much MoreMake it greatPizza and MoreHindiEnglishChineseAnalysis on Pizza HutPizza hut has been marketed in a way to meet the requirements and the likings of different countries. Throughout the advertisements that are set out by Pizza Hut it is evident that their ferocity has been on their in-house dining experience. In just about commercials there are snapshots of the waiters, the ambiance, the furniture etc. This standardisation with local adaptations in terms of their different products that cater to local consumer taste preferences displays the companys emphasis on their in house dining portions instead of their delivery. Mexico on the early(a) hand portrays commercials incorporating different settings on a ship, or at a rock concert and even in consumers homes. This can be linked to the fact that Pizza Hut does not cater to the online market but caters to customers over the phone (Pizzahut.com.mx, 2008) (Fig 2.10). This can be seen a s a decision to cater to the economic condition of the market, as Pizza Hut has adapted their delivery channel (Theodosiou and Katsikeas, 2001).Fig 2.10 Pizza Hut ads in Mexico protoactinium Johns PizzaTable 3TaglineLanguage of AdvertisementsSnapshots of TaglinesIndiaUSAmainland ChinaMexico collapse Ingredients Better PizzaBetter Ingredients Better PizzaBetter Ingredients Better PizzaBetter Ingredients Better PizzaHindiEnglishChineseSpanishSource (YouTube, 2010)Analysis on protactinium Johns protoactinium Johns uses a standardized tagline for Indian, Mexican, USA and Chinese marekts. Papa Johns have efficaciously used their CEO and produced high performing ads. Consumers have perceived these ads to be authentic and genuine (Kelso, 2012) giving Papa Johns consumers an image wherein the company cares and is about real people creating a personal connect with the consumer.Overall AnalysisAs advertising is a basic necessity in the marketing mix of an worldwide brand, the chosen comp anies Dominos, Pizza Hut and Papa Johns have translated the needs and wants of their local consumers. Through the use of adapted symbols these companies have also aimed to meet the cultural needs of local consumers. We have also seen that the companies have adapted their languages in different countries, which is intrinsically linked to different cultures (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010). Dominos and Pizza Hut have equalized their effects of both standardisation and adaptation, which is evident in their advertisements and their messages to respond locally. Papa Johns on the other hand have adopted pattern advertising, which can be linked to the concept of view globally, acting locally (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010), as the brand has a common missionary station to provide Better Ingredients Better Pizza, but still has adapted its advertising strategies in different markets. Through this example it is evident that B2C advertising is greatly heterogonous as the transferring success across diff erent countries is increasingly difficult and therefore must be adapted.WEBSITESPIZZA HUT INDIAPIZZA HUT chinaSource (Pizzahut.com.cn, 2012)PIZZA HUT USAFig-3.10 Food allergies and sensitivitiesFig-3.12 Book it rascalPIZZA HUT MEXICOFig-3.16 Nutrition abridgmentPizza Hut USA has a red earth which in well-nigh western cultures signifies Christmas as it is widely celebrated across USA and Mexico uses brown which means practical, earthy and comfortable (Empower-yourself-with-color-psychology.com, 2009) this encourages customers to make purchases and are attracted to the websites. Pizza Hut India website also has a red background for its homepage and its delivery page. Red in India symbolizes Indian weddings and the Indian bride (Empower-yourself-with-color-psychology.com, 2009) thereby attracting the Indian customer. China has a light yellow background which depicts royalty and honour in Chinese culture reflecting the standard of service provided by the company in China, being com pared to a 5* experience. (Empower-yourself-with-color-psychology.com, 2009). dominos PIZZA INDIASource (Dominos.co.in, 2012) dominos PIZZA CHINASource (Dominos.com.cn, 2013)DOMINOS PIZZA USAFig-3.27 Tracker PageDOMINOS PIZZA MEXICOANALYSISDominos has standardized layouts of its websites across the globe with white as its background colour. blanched symbolizes weddings and brides in the USA, and is a symbol of peace and purity in Mexico, India and China (Geert-hofstede.com, 2013) thereby motivating a purchase as customers feel relaxed when on the page. However, adaptations have been made to fit the different markets and bridge the cultural gaps (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010) soda pop JOHNS INDIAPAPA JOHNS CHINAPAPA JOHNS USAFig-3.44 Investors PagePAPA JOHNS MEXICOFig-3.45 HomepageANALYSISOverall, a certain level of standardization is seen in Papa Johns websites across countries. The websites in all quadruplet countries follow the colours of the logo. Green symbolizes pertly beginning s and white is sign of peace and purity in all four-spot cultures (Empower-yourself-with-color-psychology.com, 2009), which subtly encourages purchases. There is also a degree of adaptation displayed in the websites. Sales promotions, advertisements and languages are adapted in context to the cultural set of each country.OVERALL ANALYSISDominos Pizza has a comparatively higher degree of standardization in its website layout in all four countries as compared to the websites of Pizza Hut and Papa Johns Pizza. Dominos website background colour is mainly white in all four countries unlike Pizza Hut and Papa Johns which have adapted their background colours in accordance to the culture of the respective countries. Pizza Hut India has adapted its website layout match to the countrys high-context culture. It shows an employee using various non-verbal communication techniques to promote its products, which is not shown in the websites of the other three countries. However, Pizza Hut does not provide the election of creating your own pizza and pasta, which is offered, by Dominos and Papa Johns. Finally, Papa Johns aims to make a connection with its customers by displaying pictures of its founder and brand ambassador, John Smith on the homepages of all four countries. Therefore, although there is certain degree of standardization in the websites of Pizza Hut, Papa Johns and Dominos, there are also certain adaptations that have been made in consideration of the cultural differences in each country. Websites being increasingly important in creating a link with the customers, as it is a direct portal betwixt the brand and the customer, they must be increasingly adapted to accommodate cultural differences. Websites have also reduced the barriers between customers and the company as it has become increasingly accessible over the meshing in multiple countries.SALES PROMOTIONDominos IndiaDominos MexicoFig 4.8 ONLINE-ORDER DEALSAnalysisDominos has standardised its sales promotion in three of the four countries USA, Mexico and India through Facebook uploading coupons, unveiling new items, added to their menu. These promotional items being adapted from their domestic operations are culturally accepted in the countries in which they feature and hence have increased sales and adoption rates in short periods of time (can sales promotions go global). Dominos in both USA and India have used an adaptive approach for their sales promotion through Mobile Applications. China and Mexico both do not have a Mobile Application option for their customers. In USA the app., shows the Pizza Tracker option in which people can track their order progress status (Dominos, 2012). In the Indian app., they have not adopted such style of service to the customers and kept it simple to place an order. Dominos mobile lotions technology gives the company a cutting edge advantage as 80% of smartphones have ordering apps (Dominosbiz.com, 2008). In countries like China and India , Dominos has introduced its 30 Minutes or Free sales promotion. This sound sales promotion attracts new customers as a way of increasing sales in a short span of time.Furthermore, both Dominos USA and India have used the Electronic and Plastic cards option for their customers, whereby, they can send their loved ones greeting cards or vouchers by mail or post for usage in Dominos. Mexico USA have used another system of combining few options to offer to customers who come in a group of 2 or 3 to 5. They can thereby select a type of pre-fixed menu which differentiates with India and China Dominos.Papa Johns IndiaPapa Johns ChinaPapa Johns MexicoPapa Johns USAAnalysisPapa Johns Pizza does not have a mobile lotion (standardised for the global market) for its sales market in any of the countries, they just keep it universal by online or phone orders.Taylor Swift being one of the most top and celebrated singers of USA came to an agreement with Papa Johns Pizza of her record album RED to be sold along with a Large Pizza as a promotion.Papa Johns, USA started Papa Rewards, a salute Shop and an E-Gift card facility in only one country which elicits brand awareness through these sales promotions thereby increasing sales.American Football being one of the most popular sport of USA (Usatourist.com, 1998), Papa Johns came up with a two million free pizza scheme in collaboration with NFL targeting the local sport-freak customers (adaptive).Pizza Hut IndiaPizza Hut USAPizza Hut MexicoFig 4.27 Online Deals Targeted Football followersPizza Hut ChinaAnalysisPizza Hut has combine the same pre-fixed menus in all countries chosen (India, Mexico, China USA). They have adapted these to meet social and cultural norms. In India, Mexico and China they cater to a smaller group of people starting with 2 individuals, whereas in USA they cater to a larger group of people starting with 8. This aims to target groups of customers.Due to the recession period, the lower-priced chain s gained sales and the bigger chains wooly theirs sales. To gain some of its lost market share, Pizza Hut launched a $ 10 promotion by which customers could get any pizza, any cheekiness and any topping for $ 10 thereby stimulating an immediate increase in their sales (Franchisedirect.com, 2010).Mexico and USA have used a similar approach towards their customers by setting a contest of winning a double trip to Football finals and Gamer Vacation of Maxim Magazine fellowship Spot respectively since Football is very rise known and famous in both the countries. The Gamer Vacation contest is held mainly to attract the jejune category customers and influencing them to buy more beverages so that they can build the blue pieces. Gift cards available in USA and India have been adapted to meet the local market taste through the personalisation of messages. In Mexico China they do not have this type of feature. Pizza Huts mobile application enables customers to place orders online, which has been adapted only in their two big markets USA China.Pizza Hut China has adapted its Childrens Party theme with a South African theme and a London theme as the children are very fascinated by the foreign countries thus get attracted by such birthday parties (Pizzahut.com.cn, 2012)Overall AnalysisSales Promotion/marketing activities are incorporated to attract customers and to promote their products (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010).Pizza companies use value meals and promotions/rebates to attract budget minded customers (Franchisedirect.com, 2010). These demonstrations do significantly well in less economically developed countries where prices are out of the reach of customers. (Can sales promotions go global)Dominos quoted that technology is playing an important lineament in their daily sales as it is convenient for users and customers can use it in their own time as they are more relaxed in ordering over the app. It added millions in revenue for Dominos just via the mobile app.P izza Hut also quoted that it boosted its sales by $ 1 million in a period of five months from July to November 2009 (the initial period of launch) (Franchisedirect.com, 2010).Papa Johns has not yet adopted any kind of mobile application business for their customers.Facebook and Twitter are becoming a vital spiritualist of sales promotion for the chain of stores. It has been quoted that 85% of the Pizza-chain sales are through promotions and discounts acquired through these social media websites according to the Citigroup Global Markets (Franchisedirect.com, 2010). The previous version of sales promotion was not effective enough since it could not target any specific group. Furthermore, these social media portals are more cost effective methods of marketing and promoting the products (Baker, 2012) India, USA and Mexico have aggressively marketed their products via Facebook and Twitter nowadays while China is still lacking behind this procedure due to government regulations which nix foreign social media and micro-blogging websites. In order to meet the emergence need for social media and microblogging in China the government has introduced an inter-country social media and micro-blogging websites such as Weibo.com, e.t.qq.com, renren.com that incorporates different sales promotion as mentioned below (Table 1).They restrict these websites to forefend any sensitive issues to be discussed publically and become a rising against the government officials (Branigan, 2009).Table 1WebsitesFacebookTwitterweiboe.t.qqrenrenSocial MediaMicro-bloggingMicro-bloggingMicro-bloggingSocial MediaDominosIndia, USA and MexicoIndia, USA and MexicoPizza HutIndia, USA and MexicoUSA and MexicoChinaChinaChinaPapa Johns PizzaIndia, USA and MexicoIndia, USA and MexicoChinaWith the introduction of a variety of sales promotions companies are able to significantly increase short-term sales encourage repurchase and increase emptor switching between brands. (can sales promos go iglobal)Pr icingDominos PizzaDominos USAGeneral AnalysisAt Dominos, by adopting a standardized strategy to their supply chain and dough manufacturing processes Dominos has been able to control price escalations (Fig 5.3) . Their One Brand One System form _or_ system of government (Dominosbiz.com, 1983) incorporates firms using the same core products and proven suppliers upholding consistency and quality standards across different countries. This standardization has also given rise to increased buyer power from the company giving them a competitive edge in terms of prices of equipment and non-food items.Dominos has also lowered their distribution costs by implementing a shorter internalized distribution channel. Dominos has a set of Master Franchisers who encourage contract electric ray Franchisers adapting itself to meet cultural differences affecting the deeply root channels giving increased localized information. (Fig 5.4)Fig 5.4 Master Franchisers and Sub FranchisersDominos have al so standardized their business baby-sit that entirely caters to delivery and carry out pizza (Doctoroff, 2012). In developing countries although Dominos has incorporated tables in their outlets. Its purpose has not been to change its business model towards in-house dining but in fact to cater to local market needs. This does not affect prices, as high investments in the delivery of a service do not have to be incurred by the company.Papa Johns PizzaPapa Johns ChinaGeneral AnalysisPapa Johns is aware of the drawbacks of competitor based pricing and hence have focused their pricing strategy by confluence a premium price point (Morrison, 2012). Papa Johns claims that their products are aimed at meeting the needs of those who are aspect to purchase products providing them with value and better quality as their tag line suggests- Better Ingredients. Better Pizza. (Papajohns, 2013). This standardized approach that has been adopted has been able to maintain Papa Johns global coordinati on. Their prices have been set higher than competitors prices communicating the perceived value of the products although they have not been placed at a level where they do not generate sales as Papa Johns is part of the big four pizza franchisers (Franchisehelp.com, 2013). Papa Johns have influenced their prices by standardizing their unveiling modes into international countries through a franchising model as their products are destructible and need to be located near the consumer and consumption of the product.Pizza HutPizza Hut IndiaPizza Hut MexicoSource Nytimes.com, 2010General AnalysisPizza Hut has standardized their business model and aims to meet high standards through their increasingly important service scape. Their restaurants give consumers a 5 star feel, which has been replicated throughout their operations in both domestic and international markets. This increasingly high standard of their service scape has increased their costs, as they need to meet a range of standa rds in terms of staff, furniture, stonecutter etc. These significantly increase costs and are reflected through in the pricing strategies. By adapting their pricing strategies at Pizza Hut they have been able to gain a competitive advantage meeting the growing diversity in the food market. Pizza hut also sources their materials and equipment locally which helps manage price escalation.BrandingPapa JohnsAnalysisBrands today have an increasingly important role as they are termed to be the most valuable assets companies have (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010 p.286).Dominos and Pizza Hut have adapted a their brand over time to match a dynamical market. This can be seen through their change in logo and case respectively. Pizza Hut received a negative response from their consumers as the brand had formed a strong relationship with them. Dominos has benefitted from their change and they have adopted this change throughout their operations in USA. Papa Johns a having a transferrable logo has bee n able to standardize its logo throughout their operations (USA, India, Mexico and China) providing meaningful associations as the brand aims to provide customers with better quality products. smell at countries like India, China, Mexico and USA companies like Papa Johns, Dominos and Pizza Hut have aimed to further strengthen their brand image with affiliations with other brands like Coca- Cola and Pepsi, which shows (Table 1) the different beverages used by the pizza companies.ConclusionDespite the profound benefits brought by standardization this report lays emphasis on the fact that in the fast food industry- the pizza market, companies need to be increasingly careful with their marketing activities, as standardization could not bring long-term benefits for the company in an international boundary. This is bear on by the fact that cultural differences play a significant role on the success of a product in an international country.Looking at the analysis in the report advertisin g has been greatly affected by subtle differences as suggested by Edward Hall in this system of High Context or Low Context cultures. The chosen companies have adapted their advertising efforts to incorporate visuals, music and information by being locally responsive. Advertising in a B2C environment must be increasingly heterogeneous as transfer of success is becomes greatly difficult.Looking at the sales promotions adopted by Dominos, Pizza Hut and Papa Johns in order to gain a short-term response in increased sales these companies have been greatly responsive to differences in cultural norms, their target markets and government regulations in dissimilar marketsPricing has also been a determinant in the success of a company in an international country. The findings suggest that pricing must be alert to accommodate national customer purchasing powers. Different stages in the evolution of the PLC in chosen countries like China, India, Mexico and USA also greatly affect the pricing of a company thereby resulting in the success or failure of a brand.Marketing activity that incorporates branding analyses the fact that with a standardized brand in international boundaries like Papa Johns gives increased brand coherence and is easily transferrable into an international markets. Pizza Hut on the other hand having created a personality with its customers could not alter its brand observe and logo, as customers were not accepting of the idea.Having placed significant amounts of emphasis on the closest form of contact between customers and the company, Pizza Hut has used an innovative concept wherein a man guides customers through the Indian website meeting subtle cultural associations in terms of gestures and facial expressions. Dominos have also been innovative adapting their websites to meet the growing technologically savvy customers and have introduced new tracking techniques etc, giving customers a clear understanding of where their pizza is during the producti on and exactly how long it will take.Owing to these marketing activities canvass in the report it is evidently clear that companies although focus on sales promotions being short term, in order to gain long term benefits the company must adapt itself meeting local requirements. These companies as seen also provide enough standardization so as to reap benefits from brand salience and resonance.

Review Of Related Literature Education Essay

Review Of Related Literature instruction tasteThe Problems of un redress in Rivers State Secondary drilldayss A Survey of Schools in Abua/Odual Local G all overnment atomic snatch 18a.AbstractThe purpose of this canvas was to investigate The Problems of In ara in Secondary Schools in Abua/Odual Local government Area. One snow instructors constituted the study sample. Questionnaire was administered to instructors to obtain entropy for five research questions. The statistical tool used to analyse the raw data was percentage method.The results showed that overleap of corporal punishment, irregular payment of instructors salaries, poor administration constitutes the major lines to in jibe in rails. In this regard, it was suggested that corporal punishment should be introduced in instill condemnations to a fault, more than and up to(predicate) incentives should be provided to the teachers.CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONBackground of the quartervasEducation in both perspe ctive finds its usefulness in the atomic number 18as of moral, intellectual, social and ghostlike wear outment of the child. This development to a great extent is a maneuver of the quality of the facts of purportal system, which is partly measured on the basis of assimilators subdue. clear constitutes one(a) of the fundamental, critical and challenging functions of the teacher. Mostly, when viewed from the fact that learners whom they manage their af moderatelys ar drawn from different home background, accommodates the influence of peer convocations and thus, were bound to award different patterns of select that may not correct with the instructional modular of the crop. make grow is an chance of give instructioning function which if not well maintain can render the tutor system ineffective. School discipline as a matter of fact is seen as a vital agent in the process by which students argon enabled to function in the orderliness. The normal idea underlying this fact is that if the tame is situated in the nine and it is hoped that the products of these schools will be absorbed into the orderliness, the students essential thus be make to develop rule- hobby and law, adding habits so that they conform to the ecumenic social expectations of the main finishing absorbing its basic attitudes and beliefs, Sieber and wilder (199770) point start that a alliance without rules is inconceivable, and rules without attitude of disapproval towards them ar inconceivable. In the English Elementary School, obeisance was enforced around the bendly without any military goal in capitulum and in that discipline was seen essentially as a process of docile training for society at large. On the separate hand, thinking of discipline in terms of training for society, Docking (19904) says it may encourage a schooling for subordination where teachers use their disciplinary authority to satisfy almost unfulfilled subscribe to within themselves so that they are to view children as a agent rather than as ends.The promotion or living of effective discipline is essential if organised group action is to be effective or productive whether the group is a club, society, a union, a company, a business or industrial concern or a nation. The word discipline con telephone circuits that the members or a group should reasonably conform to the rules and rulers, which is the code of behaviour which shake up been formed for it or by it, so that every one may benefit by them. Peoples morale or industrial peace are definitely proper by concern of discipline if the members of a group do not abide by the rules of the organisation, it may collapse. Chaos, confusion, disobedience, disloyalty and antisocial or anti-organisational activities develop to the detriment of every one. In the word of Spriegel (199734) discipline is the force that prompts an case-by-caseistic or a group to observe the rules, regulations which are seemed to be necess ary to the attainment of an objective. It is a factor, which restrains an individual from doing plastered things, which are deemed to be disruptive for the group objectives. It is also the physical exertion of restraint or the enforcement of penalties for the violation of group regulations. Thus, discipline can be s care as an attitude of the mind, a product of culture and a particular environment which promotes an individual to willingly co-operate in the observance of the rules of the organizational to which he belongs.School discipline is often snips seen as an important segment in the process by which children are enabled to function in the society because living in the society entails living in association with sealed agreed rules, which govern ones behaviour. Thus, keeping order in the school is a multi-faced business associated with range of interacting factors, much(prenominal) as the child himself, home and neck of the woods influence, changing societal value and expectations, the school and its natural environment, and the individual teacher.The problem of indiscipline is more apparent among thirdhand school students all over the world. undiscipline among them has attracted serious attention of scholars and administrators. These scholars and administrators attributes to their state of development. They opine that when students notice certain biological changes signalling maturity in the course of the growth and development, they tend to mishandle by faulting school rules and regulations Mukhargee (199517).Indiscipline is a mode of life not in conformity with rules and non-subjected to control. By extension, the term connotes the violation of school rules and regulations adequate of obstructing the smooth and orderly, functioning of the school system Adeyemo (199522). School rules and regulations in most cases affect students more than any other thing because they are make by the school authorities in order to guide and cherish the studen ts while in school.Statement of the ProblemIn the teaching and eruditeness process certain identifiable problems of indiscipline militate against its success and passments.That essence for effective teaching and learning to take transmit there must be discipline in order to make reasonable achievements.In spite of the effort so far made by the governance for the past eight years to curb indiscipline in our substitute schools, delinquency, truancy, disobedience, absenteeism, etc. are somewhat of the problems of teaching and learning in our alternate schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area.This study is therefore cheered in addressing the problems of indiscipline so that teaching and learning will improve in our schools.Purpose of the StudyThe general purpose of this study includes the fol pocket-sizeding(a) lay out the factors underlying the problem of maintaining effective discipline in junior-grade schools.(b) regain the cause of such(prenominal) factors on academ ic performance.(c) Make recommendation on the areas that would solve these problems. explore QuestionsThe study shall be contract by the following research questionsWhat factors are responsible for school indiscipline?What are the effects of such factors on students academic performance?What are the strategies adopted by teachers to prevent schoolroom indiscipline?Does the rate of indiscipline among secondary school students increase or decrease for the past three years?Are girls more receptive to instruction than boys in secondary schools?Significance of the StudyThe importance of this study includes the following(1) To provide information for government and school administrators close to the solution to the problems of school indiscipline.(2) To provide relevant data about the causes of indiscipline from teachers perspective.(3) To make recommendations and suggestions that possibly could help solve the problem of indiscipline. backdrop of the StudyThe study focus on school ind iscipline from cardinal (22) selected secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State.Definition of damageFor the purpose of this study, the following terminologies shall be defined thusStudent A person who is studying in a school, especially a secondary school.Secondary School This is a school for young people mingled with the age of 11 and 16.Regulation This is an official rule made by authority.Discipline This is the practice of training people to obey rules and regulations.Indiscipline This is insufficiency of discipline, control in the behaviour of a group of people.CHAPTER TWO freshen up OF RELATED LITERATUREThe chapter can be reviewed under the following headings.2.1. Students discipline in Nigeria schools2.2 Imperative of indiscipline in secondary schools2.3. Causes of indiscipline2.4 School indiscipline and academic achievement2.5 School rules and regulations on student discipline2.6 The fantasy of in loco-parentis and its family human relationsh ip to students discipline2.7 Student discipline and classroom solicitude2.8 Strategies of curb bit indiscipline2.9 Summary of the literature reviewed2.1 Students Discipline in Nigeria SchoolsAccording to Matsoga (200354) violence and misbehaviour exist in Nigeria schools. This lack of discipline which interferes with the teaching and learning process, manifests itself in various right smarts including bullying, vandalism, alcohol and core group abuse, truancy, unfitness or unwillingness to do home belong etc. Moswele (2004146) and Matsoga (200353).Vandalizing school property is at rampart and this has influenced the government to introduce school fees in order to mend, that which was bustn such as window, panes, furniture and walls.Theft is also common. For instance, in 2003 students in one senior secondary school broke into a biology laboratory to steal ethanol Banda (200416) some of these students befogged their lives and others lost their sight. In another senior secondary school, 19-year-old boy commit suicide after fighting with another student over a borrowed plate Maleka (2003162). These horrible acts left the nation speechless, not shafting where such behaviour originates. These incidents sprang the debate on the use of corporal punishment in schools which concluded that Nigeria cannot do away with it, but it has to be used carefully Maleka (2003162) and Keorang (200451). Experience had it that, teachers may ask for transfers while parents withdraw their children from schools with numerous cases of student misconduct such as the one mentioned preceding(prenominal).2.2 Imperative of indiscipline in secondary schoolsDiscipline in these schools is now passing done an eclipse. The problem of indiscipline is found everywhere, therefore, students do no longer believe in hard work as the only honourable path to success. Slangs connoting mental test malpractice like choke exhibit, dagbo, omokirikiri and the like are common during examination time a nd they are expressed in such free but fatal that one somehow think that it does not mean anything. Children of the spicy and low, declamatory and small, powerful and the downtrodden are involved in varying tiers.At this juncture, it would be worthwhile to highlight some of the prevalent cases and acts of indiscipline amongst secondary school students.1. CultismCultism has suddenly become the giant monster that has swallowed up our ethics and morals any student who fails to belong is quickly packed off the stage by either being intimidated out of school or killed. Many claim been forced to join reproduction cultist group, which often produced fatal consequences.Section 329 (1) of the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria defines reverence (secret cult) as an association that uses secret signs, oaths, rites or symbols and which is formed to promote a cause, the purpose or part of the purpose which is to foster the interest of its members and to aid one another under any circumstance without the regard to sexual morality, fair or justice to the demerit of those who are not members. who members are pledged to observe oaths of secrecy2. Indecent DressingNear naked and other forms of nudity is the order of the day in our schools. Kpakol (200462) argues that peer pressure, self-indulgence, and dress to kill-the turn habit of putting on seductive clothes to attract those of the confrontation gender sexually or throw off balance emotionally. In this connection Bellow, (19933) states that school discipline is the training which produces in children self-restraint, orderliness, superb conduct, doing and the habit of getting the scoop out of themselves. It involves intellectual and moral education as opposed to mere order and instruction.3. Curriculum content any(prenominal) society whose educational system is careless about the need of the society is doomed. It thus, not enough to have a broadcast. It is most important that the course of s tudy relates and adequately takes care of the entire societal aspiration. Our curriculum today is greatly deficient in moral education as contained in the curriculum is shabby and neglected. In some schools, it is not even taught.The subjects of History, Civic and disposition study and so on that immediately inculcates the ideal nation expression to the youth are abolished social studies and integrated science that is fashioned in their stead has proved to be incapable in content and practice.4. agnate TrainingCharity it is said begins from home. A parent who is not unfaltering with his children and lets them go the bad is not kind to them. Parents do not often consider the future welfare and success of their children as of great importance. solution is not shown by constant scolding, beating and fussing, this is to many educators indicates weakness.In addition, some parents are unendingly quarrelling and fighting. This definitely makes the students not to have affection and develop negative attitude to life. In school, that student may be and always picking quarrel with his peer because this is what he grew up with.2.3 Causes of IndisciplineIndiscipline as we have noted elsewhere is not a smart phenomenon. It has engaged the attention of many sources and authors at different levels. Causes of indiscipline in secondary schools are numerous. They include school society, wrong ideals, idleness, lack of good leadership, injustice, lack of realistic rules, bad home training and upbringing, etc.Okoroma (20001109) and Nwankwo (199167) note that the causes and symptoms of indiscipline are many and vary from school to school and from stupefy to deposit. In their view, some symptoms of indiscipline include general unrest and measured breaches of school rules, peaceful and violent induction, mass disobedience, truancy, delinquency, absenteeism, drug use and abuse, as well as drunkenness.Shakaran (199747) and Nwankwo (199167) have identified the causes of in discipline in secondary schools in Nigeria to include authoritarian methods, bad staff behaviour, harsh school rules, poor parley, results, lack of adequate school facilities, influence of home and society. In this paper, we however, proffer a multi-dimensional approach to this burning issue of indiscipline in our secondary schools hence our good will of the causes of indiscipline will be multi-dimensional.1. fond InfluenceThere has become a sudden shift from merit to lack lustre. Achievements are no longer measured by allegiance and capability but influence and material wealth who you know than what you are measured up in terms of merit, is what determines promotion. Thus, a student need not burn the night candle.2. CorruptionThis is the oldest son of indiscipline. This son has adult up that it often rejects shoulder to shoulder with its father indiscipline. What permeates all the least sandpiper of our society today is how to make it quickly. Public finance meant for welfar e programmes that would have stemmed the aid of mal-behaviour in our youths and adolescents gets diverted to redundant programmes or cliquish pockets. To such extent, there is no motivation in those who should be seen to be disciplined. With empty stomach, ragged dressing, hopeless accommodation, intolerable health, there is no way a person can resist temptation.3. Rural-urban DriftClosely tie in to the issue of government policy and corruption is the issue of rural-urban drift. A writer once said that everyone is a village by root. The rate, at which our youths and adolescents migrate from the serene, quiet and less atrocious life in the village to the reedy, burdensome, absorb and unnecessarily over populated cities, is alarming. One identified reason for this as outright lack of basic facilities and infrastructure in our villages. Where there is any, it is often in a state of despair so grossly hapless that no youth would see his mate coming home from the city without bein g tempted to taste the city. This sudden transformation from the village to city life is bound to produce unpalatable consequences. This explains why secondary school students are engaged in crimes nowadays either to be able to hold water the tempo of life in the city or in conceptualization to get to the city.2.4 School Indiscipline and Academic AchievementIn classroom teaching, discipline implies the control of a class to achieve desirable behaviour. The concept of school discipline and school rewards has the similar objectives of assisting students to make maximum achievement in their academic pursuits. According to Nwankwo (199167) discipline behaviour involves characteristics such as self-sacrifice, diligence, co-operation, integrity, experimental condition and sympathy for others as well as the fear of God. He goes on to say that discipline is a system of guiding the individual to make reasonable and responsible decisions. In classroom teaching, discipline means the control of a class to achieve desirable behaviour. Discipline involves self-control a disciplined person knows and takes the right course of action. He is guided not simply by self-interest, but also by consideration of interest of others. A disciplined individual is also guided in his behaviour by moral and social principles.Factors of indiscipline that lead to low academic achievement are common with student from socio-economic status families Alumode (200284). This is because teachers are often prejudiced against youth from low socio-economic status families and show invidious treatment to students from high socio-economic status families Manster (2001297). Another reason is that peer influences on low socio-economic students are often antisocial and delinquency prone, emphasizing archeozoic marriage for the girls and gang activities for the boys Conger (199313). Blodsoe (200528) believes that the quality of interaction among members of the adolescents family influence the degree of discipline and success in school work. According to him, the studies of the family relationship of bright, high-achieving students versus under-achieving high school students shows that the high achievers more often than under-achievers describe their parents as typically sharing vacation and ideas as understanding, approving, trusting, affection etc. encouraging (but not pressuring) with keep an eye on to achievement and over restrictive or severe in discipline.2.5 School Rules and Regulation on DisciplineThe Education Act of 1999 has documented some rules and regulations that govern student discipline in Nigeria schools. It stipulates methods and procedure for nipper and severe disciplinary measures such as corporal punishment, suspension and student expulsion. Rules and regulations are drawn for the orderly conduct of the school affairs. Some of them are written and others are implied and they recognised by law. Addressing the issue of rules and regulations Nwangwu (2009142) s tate thatThe Schools come on and individual school authorities have the right to make any reasonable rules and regulations for the orderly conduct of school affairs in the interest of the entire school and school system.The fundamental point raised above is that those provisions are made by relevant authorized bodies to direct and spell out the relationship between teachers, student and school authorities. The indebtedness is therefore on every member of the school system to valuate and obey the rules, as any breach must be followed by the application of appropriate disciplinary measures. The courts of law shall always put into consideration the reasonableness and inherent right of the school rules and regulations. Rules that encroached on a constitutional right of students will invariably be invalidated by courts.2.6 The opinion of in Loco-Parentis and its Relationship to Students DisciplineIn educational circle, the special relationship which exists between students and the s choolteacher regarding discipline is termed in loco-parentis. It is assumed that the teacher in performing certain roles especially as it relate to control of paternal jurisdiction.According to Remmlein and Wane in Igwe (199882) in loco-parentis means in place of the parent, charged with some of the parents right, duties and responsibilities.The implication is that schoolteachers or authorities stand in place of parents in respect to students education and discipline. By this it is expected that teacher have the invariably contracted with parents to perform some of the duties and functions of the latter. The teacher is therefore expected to act reasonably in this capacity.In present, the teachers acting in loco-parent is to discipline an erring student, and should construe that the punishment was done reasonably and in good faith in order to avoid costly and pasty court cases. The teacher should act within the limit of this principle, because according to Eferakaya (199817), schoo l officials who perpetuate acts of indiscipline can no longer be protect by the in loco parentis doctrines the courts are quite convinced that the school is incapable of assuming full parental responsibilities.2.7 Students Indiscipline and Classroom vigilanceThe International Dictionary of Education formally defines discipline as a term to describe teacher classroom control or general restraint of pupils behaviour Lingworth (200418) argues that coercion can never be a method of educating in the sense that where teachers tend to interpret control of threats thereby forcing students to learn what he has taught them is far behind the truth.Another interesting aspect of discipline and administrative control is the use of scientific procedures known as behaviour modification based on the learning theory actual by Skinner who advocates some technique and positive reinforcement such as using rewards to bring about and maintain desired behaviour combined with extinction behaviour i.e. we akening undesired behaviour by ignoring it or by otherwise removing its reward consequences.However, the work of Lauwerys (199942) is discovered to be in contrast with the scientific procedures of behaviour modification and psychodrama work of Piaget. His work on classroom management focuses attention on the teachers public demonstration that he knows what is going on, his ability to facilitate smooth transaction from one activity to another and handle movement and type of demand he makes from pupil. There is bound to be conflict when administration in school is taken to be rigid and regimentation, where students have to fear administrations rather than respect them. Fagbula (200280) in his work concludes that teachers rather than settle their minor matters take them to the school administrators create a problem to administrative control of schools. Bad administrative control can hinder effective discipline tone in the school. These can take the form of giving bad and inadequate in tellectual nourishment to students, ineffective teaching, bad staff behaviour, authoritarian methods of administration, high school rules, controlling attitude of the school prefects, unsatisfactory curricula, poor examination results, poor communication between administrators and school pupils.2.8 Strategies for Curbing IndisciplineIt is imperative to ensure that the best behaviours and conditions are inculcates, established and maintained for effective learning to take place in our secondary schools. This can be realised if we accept that the teacher has the power to impose discipline by using some categorisation of power over this students.However, this is only possible to a little extent, for it to have meaningful impact it must also take into account the psychological needs and development level of the student.A well-managed school begins with thorough hap planning by the school head and the teachers. Accordingly, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation should be used, positive a nd negative motivation, provision and satisfaction of students need the teacher having adequate knowledge of the subject, teaching students how to learn and making them to use their time effectively.The school environment should be busy, and an active place in which the students and teachers know that they are on the same side working together to achieve something worthwhile. Such an environment is likely to establish mutual respect, and a mild reproof or expression of disappointment on the part of the teacher will enhance discipline.Cleanliness and tidiness of surrounding, not being excessively noisy or disruptive when others are working, taking care of communal property, and promptness exhibition of normal courtesies expected by the society to be observed. The rules can be established by quite persistence and good illustration by the teacher.In essence, good discipline enables the sort of psychological need proposed by Maslow and others to be satisfied. This is because most disc iplinary cases are as a result of unfulfilled basic needs. The teacher should look carefully at each level including the most basic psychological one of commissariat and ventilation.2.9 Summary of the Reviewed LiteratureThe chapter examined the concept of indiscipline as it derived from the word discipline. Discipline here means a mode of life in harmony with rules, subjected to control. Therefore, indiscipline means lack of control in the behaviour of a group of people. Relating the above to the school environment, indiscipline could be referred to as inability of a person to live in accordance with school rules and regulation it is the breaking of rules and regulations of institution.Imperative and causes of indiscipline were discussed from the multi-dimensional perspective, which include cultism, indecent dressing, curriculum content, parental training, societal influence, corruption and rural-urban drift. Again, school indiscipline and academic achievement, which implies the c ontrol of a class to achieve desired behaviour was discussed. The chapter also examined school rules and regulations on discipline, which are drawn up to regulate school activities for the orderly conduct of the school affairs.The concept of in loco-parentis and its relationship to student discipline, which is the special relationship that exist between students and the school teacher regarding discipline, because the teacher is expected to stand in place of the parent in respect to students education and discipline.Finally, strategies of curbing indiscipline which include pedagogical, social and psychological techniques of curbing indiscipline in secondary school were proffered.CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter presents the research methodology to be adopted for the study. It is organised under the following heading Research Design, Population of the Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrumentation, Validity of the Instrument, governing body of the Instrument, an d Data abstract Technique.3.1 Research DesignThe research design adopted for this study is the descriptive survey research design, which is concerned with condition or relationships that exist and practices that prevail.Specifically, it is concerned with identified the problems of indiscipline in secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area.3.2 Population of the StudyThe population of this study is 440 persons, who are teachers in the 22 (22) secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area.3.3 Sample and Sampling TechniquesA stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. Out of twenty-two (22) secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area, ten (10) were sampled out through the ballot system this represents 46% of secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government.In each school, ten (10) teachers were randomly selected to give 100 teachers, which represent 52% of the total number of teachers in Abua/Odual Local Government Area. Thus, the sample for this study is made up of 100 respondents.3.4 Development of Research Instrument The pecker for this study is questionnaire titled Questionnaire for Teachers on indiscipline problems (QTIP). It was developed for this study and communicate to various respondents with structured questions developed based on the objectives of the study and the literature reviewed.The instrument is divided into two (2) sections (A and B). Section A deals with the personal data of the respondents section B sought responses to items on factors, which militate against the effective maintenance of discipline in secondary schools.The questionnaire adopted the 4-point Likert summated rating scale with values Strongly Agree (SA) = 4 Agree (A) = 3 Disagree (D) = 2 and Strongly Disagree (SD) = 1.3.5 Validity of the InstrumentThe instrument was given to the executive program and senior lecturers in the department who are experts in educational management to examine and make corrections. They scrutinize it em by item and make up its validity to elicit the necessary information needed to provide adequate answers to the research questions.The final draft of instrument was designed to reflect corrections of the experts in the department. Also the researcher ensured that the five interested research problem areas, which militate against the effective maintenance of discipline in secondary schools to ensure that it is adequate enough to measure, what is supposed to measure and ensuring that the desirable result is achieved.3.6 Administration of the InstrumentThe instrument for this study was administered personally by the researcher. The completed copies were retrieved on the spot while the others were retrieved later.3.7 Data Analysis TechniqueThe responses was based on the 4-point Likert summated rating scale will be analysed and presented in table by means of percentages.A decision on the research questions was made to vex at by dividing frequency of occurrence by the total number of respondents and multiplied the product by 100, that isFrequency of occurrence x 100Number of respondents 1CHAPTER FOURPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATAIn this chapter the data collected is presented and analysed as followsResearch question one What factors are responsible for school indiscipline?Note the following was used to try the work.Strongly Agree (SA) = 4Agree (A) = 3Disagree (D) = 2

Comparing Finance Motivation With Non-finance Motivation

Comparing Finance demand With Non-finance wantMotivation is pass oning to exert luxuriously level of toward organizational goals, set the cap capability to meet some people need. (Hall. et al., 2008 374) According to some agate assembly line analysis, employee need is a technical method to improve the productivity of organization. change state people get motivation, they will have a reason to compose more energy on what they argon doing. (Echeat, 2005) Consequently motivation is an all grievous(predicate) management tool that lifted the utilization team up ability. Therefore, this article will discusses what miscellanea of method is more suitable to ca office employees and reason. There are a considerable bite of different courses to motivate employees, including monetary motivation and non-fiscal motivation.Motivate staff must determine which is financial motivation or non-financial motivation. This will depend on which factors have contributed to staff, in ad dition, it may also be the comp eachs budgetary constraints and loafernot compensate for any increase in salaries or bonuses, therefore, non-financial incentives are required to submit. Low-wage calculateers may dissatisfy with their work, as a result, the non-financial incentives will not be an effective motivation. Consequently, it is important to find a balance between them.Although the financial motivation has little value, most firms unsounded use money as a main incentive. There are a variety of payment systems that a company use to motivate staff. For example wages and salaries, piece-rate, fringe benefits, free house, the educational fee of children, the cars, the citation card and share ownership which provided by the companies. (Hall. et al., 2008381) Taylor scientific management motivation had stated that employees were heavily linked financial factor to meet their level best gain, people acted individual, not grouped, and people acted like machine. For a pair day p ayment related to piece work could maximum employees potential ability and motivated and high payment in return. (Hall. et al., 2008375)Money is the most verbatim way of motivate employees. People will think about allowance when are looking for a joke. For instance, there are 17,300 employees accept financial incentives in stock and bonuses. As a result, HBOS also accept property reward system after merger. Each of HBOSs 65,000 employees will awarded free shares worthy between 500 and 3,000 and totaling 70 million. Workers will also benefit from cardinal staff share pounds. rung worked hard who after got money award. Moreover, to follow the HBOS shares went up more than 56% over the last three years. (BBC News, 2007) Consequently, harmonize to the case, it not hardly reveals the money has encouraged, but also it is a kind of important incentive way.Financial motivation make a material improvement on companys performance, non financial motivation also plays a rouge role du ring the continuous development. There are four kinds of main methods of non-financial motivation, including job enrichment, job magnification, team working and empowerment. crinkle enrichment means enable workers to be more interested in challenging and complex task. Workers should have the luck to complete a work unit as a unit rather than individual task. This method faecal matter stimulate job enlargement or job rotation, because it increases the complexity and challenging, rather than provide diversification simply. Secondly, Job enlargement is simply give workers more tasks to do, besides like a similar nature and complexity. Teamwork, that is to say employees in the group or team work. In the team work, a person can more soft establish friendships and have a sense of belonging to a whole, a unit or group. Team work has other advantages too. Team work can lead to greater end product flexibility, employees may be multi-skilled (and can do more than one persons work), becau se they learn from other team members or a formal job rotation. It means that they can cover any absence from work they can quickly adapt to new production technologies. Finally, give the power or authority to staff so that they can decide how to finish their work. (tutor2u, 2010)Even though the money may be an incentive to work at work, payment does not change the way people pay more. Staffs need an incentive to combine. That is why the Royal coin bank of Scotland (RBS) offers so many non-financial incentives to improve personalized life. RBS is one of the most important powers of the employees which is the good performance of the level of progress. RBS encourage citizens make it happen finished the personal development. It means that RBS encourages staff to grow and develop their skills and abilities. This in turn help RBS change to a company. Employees agree development needs with line manager in their annual performance evaluation. This is recorded in the personal development plan. Development may involve more training so as to acquire new knowledge and skills. This can improve their procession prospects, and allow employees to improve the organization and their total rewards. (thetimes100, 2010) Consequently, In RBS, employees enjoy summation Reward-A specific wages and benefits far beyond salary. It offers each staff not only just money, but also a personal choice, just as working hours and safety.In conclusion, in the view of financial personify there are two variety companies. One with less hail of employees so that managers can easily supervise and control. Company can use finance motivate employees who does not need through evaluation process. another(prenominal) one is a large company which has a significant number of employees. Managers cannot pay attention to every employee therefore, they can encourage active employees to work by non-financial motivation. Because no company is interested in paying high capital as a reward for their employee s. Relative to non-finance motivation, it is a good choice. In my view, non-financial motivation is suitable for both large enterprises and small firms, I suggest that company could use non-financial motivation to encourage staff, because not only does it widely applicated but also save money.ReferenceBBC News (2007) (online) Staff benefit from HBOS profits http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6403271.stm(Access determine March 16, 2010)Echeat (2005) (online) motivate Employees in the Workplace http//www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=27630 (Access date March 16, 2010)Hall.D, R.Jones, C.Raffo and A.Anter (2008) Business Studiesquaternary education, Harlow, Essex, Pearson Education (Access date March 16, 2010)Tutor2u (2009) (online) Motivating employees financial rewards http//tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_financial_rewards.htm (Access date March 16, 2010)Tutor2u (2009) (online) Motivating employees non financial rewards http//tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivati on_non_financial_rewards.htm (Access date March 16, 2010)Thetimes100 (2010) (online) Motivation at RBS Total Reward http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymotivating-through-total-reward106-258-4.php (Access date March 16, 2010)

Neurobiology of Memory Reconsolidation

Neurobiology of fund ReconsolidationWhat is the current understanding of the neurobiology of entrepot reconsolidation and how will impact psychology.AbstractThis screen is centre on the neurobiology of reposition reconsolidation, specifically on the molecular mechanisms of LTP and reconsolidation, and the authoritative role synaptic plasticity plays in cultism conditioning and its subsequent implication for psychopathology specifically Post scathetic filter out throw out of kilterThis essay is foc utilise on current understanding of the neurobiology of depot reconsolidation, specifically on the molecular mechanisms of LTP and reconsolidation, and its resultant implication for psychopathology specifically promising research development propranolol and d-cycloserine as a sermon of post-traumatic stress disorder.Memory consolidationis the extremity by which memories argon stabilised after being acquired. Consolidation studies boast traditionally foc implementd on the hi ppocampus andsystems consolidation, whereshort confines memories become long term memories and independent of thehippocampus over time (Pinel, 2011). The more forward-lookingly discovered offshoot of consolidation is synaptic consolidation, which occurs within the first few hours after learning, and requires protein synthetic thinking and gene tran bridge playerion (Pinel, 2011). Long term memories were once considered to be stable, only if within the last decade, the discovery of reconsolidation, the process in which stored memories erect be retrieved and held in labile short-term memory, has changed theory and research on memory (Pinel, 2011).The neurobiological process of synaptic memory consolidation is thought to be long-term potentiation (LTP), which is the prolonged strengthening of the synapse with increased signalling between two neurons (Sacktor, 2012). The set of LTP and synaptic consolidation, as first theorised by Hebb (Pinel, 2011), nominates that changes in me mbrane onusualness and alterations of synapticprotein synthesis such(prenominal)(prenominal) as activating Phosporylated Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK),are achieved by activatingintracellular transduction cascades, such as glutamate activating the NMDA receptor so that calcium ions grass immortalise the neuron. These molecular cascades triggertran rule bookion factors such as CREBthat lead to changes ingene ex pressure sensationion by RNA synthesis (Pinel, 2011). The result of the gene expression is the lasting geomorphologic remodelling of synapses. This complex process of the molecular cascade, expression and process of transcription factors, is unvaccinated to split upions in the short time period readyly following memory induction (Nader, Schafe LeDoux, 2000a). The potential for memory to be distrupted during consolidation has been extensively researched exploitation pharmacology and trauma. For example, in experiments on Pavlovian precaution conditioning in rats, LTP and apprehension conditioning were blocked when NMDA-receptorantagonistswere administered (Nader et al, 2000b). This process ofLTPis regarded as a change factor tosynaptic plasticityand in the growth ofsynaptic strength, and is thought to underlie memory formation, as it affects memory when disrupted.It was previously thought that even though this long process of consolidation could be disrupted, once a memory was consolidated it could non be disrupted. This classic view has been revised over the last 15 years, with extensive research showing that consolidated memories, once retrieved, revert to a labile state where they can be disrupted and undergo another(prenominal) consolidation process, called reconsolidation. (Shwabe, 2014). Reconsolidation was first hypothesised after studies were done using electroconvulsive shock therapy to disrupt consolidated fear memory (Tronson Taylor, 2007). Naders (2000a) landmark research using Pavlovianfear conditioningon rats tack together that a consolidated fear memory can upshot to alabilestate, when the amygdalais infused with theprotein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. Subsequent studies have also shown that post-retrieval give-and-take with protein synthesis inhibitors can lead to an amnestic state (Shwabe, 2014). It has been adjudicated therefore that consolidated fear memory, when reactivated, enters a changeable state that requires de novo protein synthesisfor new consolidation or reconsolidation of the grey-haired memory (Shwabe, 2014). Since these break with studies many a(prenominal) more have found cause supporting reconsolidation, and have explored its processes and implications.Reconsolidation research over the last decade has demonstrate that some, provided not all memories can be strengthened, weakened, or updated thereof providing an opportunity to modify some long term memories (Shwabe, 2014). This very curb essay will focus on a few of the substantial animal and homosexual studi es related to fear memory and reconsolidation theory and its implications for psychology. affright conditioning, fear memory and extermination learning experiments, often use manipulations of theamygdala, due to its involvement in the encoding and memory of significant emotional experiences (Agren et al, 2012). roughly of the research on reconsolidation has been done on animals, one of the first studies of human fear memory consolidation was by Kindt in 2009 in which ruddy participants were first fear-conditioned and the fear was reactivated by a single presentation of a conditioned stimulus 24 hours later. Shortly before memory reactivation, participants reliable the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol during the proposed reconsolidation window, which resulted in substantial weakening of the behavioural fear response and the return of fear memory. Research by Schiller (2010) also explored fear memory activation and update mechanisms and extinction learning, and found the ventromedial prefrontal cerebral mantle (vmPFC) plays an important role (Schiller, 2013).Agren et al (2012) also demonstrated fear memory trace erasure in the amygdala of humans using behavioural manipulations. Using functional brain imaging, Agren and colleagues (2012) found that when reconsolidation was disrupted through extinction training, the fear memory was significantly weakened and the memory trace was erased in the amygdala. Additional important recent research providing support for memory update used Pavlovian fear conditioning manipulations and micro density cacoethes map measures of fear memory on the lateral amygdala of rats, and found that the memory recapitulated not only in the same location but in new areas during reconsolidation (Bergstrom, McDonald, Dey, Tang, Selwyn Johnson, 2013).These, and many more important studies using diverse experimental manipulations, suggest that memory is labile and updated after reactivation, and that more or less the same ar eas are recruited for reconsolidation that are involved in sign memory formation. The potential ability to modify established emotional memories through the processes of memory updating, reconsolidationand extinction of conditioned fear memories has important implications for the treatment of many mental disorders, including anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder.Posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as ananxiety disorderin the DSM iV, characteristic symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder are strong traumatic memories that are continuously retrieved in an intrusive manner, causing re-experiencing of the victor trauma (Schwabe, 2014).Research is focusing on testing pharmacological treatments and behavioural interventions that cigaret memory reconsolidation in PTSD worlds. One drug being researched in neurobiology for the treatment of PTSD is propranolol, the b-adrenergic receptor antagonist that has effects on protein synthesis. The root word that pro pranolol could be a useful treatment in PTSD caulescent from studies showing that this drug can disrupt the reconsolidation of fear conditioning in animal models and humans (Kindt, 2009). There is some evidence of success with propranolol, such as in pilot studies by Pitman (2002) and Vaiva (2003) which found that immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma.In recent experiments using propranolol, patients with chronic PTSD were asked to prepare a written script of their personal traumatic experience that caused the PTSD. Each patient then standard either propranolol or a placebo (Brunet et al, 2008). One week later, all patients underwent a procedure where there physiological arousal was tested as the script was read. The results showed that psychophysiological responding was significantly lower in patients who had received propranolol a week earliest than in patients who were administered a placebo. These findings were re plicated and extended in three open-label studies where PTSD symptoms were significantly lower than at pretreatment (Brunet et al, 2011). In these promising studies on the effect of post-retrieval propranolol in chronic PTSD it is ambiguous as to whether the benefits were from propranolol enhancement or the psychological intervention And whether propranolol enhanced extinction consolidation or blocked memory reconsolidation. (de Kleine et al, 2013). Some of these studies also lacked the appropriate control groups that would be required to conclude that the observed effects are due to changes in memory reconsolidation, however, these findings suggest that postretrieval manipulations with propranolol might be a promising tool in the treatment of PTSD, even when the trauma is decades old.d-cycloserine (DCS) is another pharmacological intervention being lately researched in reconsolidation and PTSD due to it being a partial NMDA receptor agonist and extinction enhancer (De Kliene, 2014) . Research on using delineation therapy with DCS for PTSD suggests that it could be promising (De Kliene, 2014). Exposure therapy is established as an effective form of fear extinction training in PTSD through the repeated im get along with of the trauma memory, and its emotional processing (De Kliene, 2014). De Kleine, Hendriks, Kusters, Broekman, and van Minnen (2012) investigated the effect of DCS on exposure therapy on a female civilian population and found no overall enhancement effects, but a stronger treatment response. However, a second study on a male experient population found a significant enhancement (Litz et al, 2012). Some criticisms of these studies were the scuttle that DCS might have undesirable effects when there is no in session fear extinction, and the need for more research and better disposition of the drug (De Kleine, 2014).Sheeringa (2014) researched the effect of d-cycloserine with cognitive behaviour therapy on pediatric posttraumatic stress using a ra ndomized placebo-controlled d-cycloserine. So far, DCS has only shown as extinction effect when used with behavioural training such as exposure therapy and CBT. This study did not show a greater effect on reducing PTSD symptoms, but did show preliminary evidence for improving attention of participants. Another promising study currently in press looked at whether DCS enhanced psychotherapy when used with virtual reality trauma exposure therapy (Difede, 2014). The pilot trial was randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind and found significantly greater PTSD remission rates for DCS group, with larger between groups effect sizes (Difede, 2014).Understanding the processes of reconsolidation and the polar role synaptic plasticity plays in fear conditioning does have exciting and important implication for psychopathology specifically PTSD. There are still barriers and terminus ad quem conditions to be understood and overcome for example, memory age and strength. In Posttraumatic stress disorder, unwanted memories need to be retrieved and destabilized before they can be modified during reconsolidation. One of the barriers particular to PTSD is that researchers have proposed that jr. and weaker memories are more likely to be modified after reconsolidation than old(a) and stronger memories which are less likely to be modified (Wihchet, 2011).Further boundary conditions highlighted by Shwabe at al (2014) is the context in which the reactivation takes place, and the presence of new information at reactivation of the memories. Therefore, more research is needed to understand incisively when memories do and do not undergo reconsolidation in order to use reconsolidation as a treatment for disorders such as PTSD.

The Overuse Of Internet Surfing Media Essay

The overutilization Of earnings Surfing Media EssayWe design the earnings for our own favour and divert. It depends what we enjoy the meshing pastureing for about kindred victimization flashing messaging and count intelligence. Now they argon the more or less excessively utilize cyberspace programs. near clock terms plow do that in order to turn rough rational disarrays. Such as flavor isolated, or having lake of self- self-reliance. see throng over the internet and not having to meet them in person, solves their olfactory perceptioning of in gage. Others are given over to gaming on the internet, such(prenominal) as acting poker and chess. They are veridical life addictive games and having the opportunity to sw exclusivelyow them online, causes the same effect on them as they are in real life.There are many of internet colony types desire mental disorders cause masses to reflect their sickness to their coveted object of habituation. Some people are addictive to shopping, games, or drugs. In our case, the people devoted to the internet and reckoners bring on a need of self-confidence and a angle of dip to note shy in public. They are not capable to suck a circle of friends as normal people do in their lives. So they choose making friends online, which is a often easier way for them to keep an eye on their exigency. Also they use the internet as an escape from life troubles whether its conundrums they face at home or away in their daily life routines. Maybe playing some games or shopping online gives them the feeling of security department within them. And helps them overcome their mental struggles. Basic whollyy, it makes them for find oneself about their outside innovation and focus their help to the inner wide world of the internet and computing machine use.This type of internet addiction, when people tend to gain their self-confidence by means of its practice session is the about dangerous type of all . It could harm people, who are assist to get to know strangers by the internet chatting, It could lead to crimes such as theft and knowledgeable harassment. It also causes them to neglect their outside world of discourse and barely feel secure while using the internet. Meaning they entrust tend to be more sociable and feel lively moreover while being on their calculating machine when this is the negative way of engage their careers and friendly life. The more time they spend online, the more they gain their self-esteem. Its like standing in front of a mirror before leave their homes to go out, this way they make sure they look good and convinced(p) enough before they leave. Its the same for the internet use, after they get the security feeling within themselves. They feel completely relieved.The general causes of internet addiction are divided to certain categories which lets us understand where the overuse of internet comes from. First thing we face generally is oddnes s. Usually some of us are eager to know a lot about the technology which grows e precise solar day now. And most of these people are in their 40s and 50s. The ones who doesnt squander enough information and practice with the internet use so their curiosity drives them to start surfing the internet and acquire the different shipway of the calculating machine use. Such as googgling (Google), chatting online or even gaming for the elders.The next kinfolk is the development and re naked as a jaybirdal of self. Exploring the internet is actually a self-development step learning about it makes you in hold of everything in the world now. Connected is how you feel when you go through the internet. Its everything we use around the world now postcode can go on without it. You can chance anything concerning the subject of your interest easily and with full information about it. You need to update your look, you surf the internet. Or if thither is a piece of information youd to like exsert your understanding about. Certain types of food youd like to cook. Everything you need youll point out through the internet, and especially if its a self-development and renewal situation.Surfing the internet made it easier for people who make researches and always in need of books to help them fulfill their search. Your desired book of interest can easily be found on the internet now. You no longer need to go to a library and search through the books to find your desired information to complete a research. Now you can go online, search the name of the book, and easily find quotations for it and a full biography about it and its author. You can even find the whole book to take away instead of buying from a book store. The same goes to magazines and newspapers if you have missed a weeks newspaper edition or a magazines issue. You can simply find it online, read it all and perhaps save the needed pages for your record. The internet has made it so easy for people around the world to pursue their lives and careers outside or even from inside their homes. It has made everything easily accessible and far simpler. tho that doesnt mean that it is the most trusted source of information of all.Technology is definitely the reason wherefore our lives are growing rapidly, and its why the world is connected to one another. Its the single way we get better at what we do, renew ourselves and explore what is around us. But we must still be wary of the Internet as it can be addictive and that is unhealthy. Its the reason why we edit out our lives, routines, and activities. pathetic away from causes, this paper provide now discuss the effects of Internet addictionThe first effect of the internet addiction is obviously the criterion of time wasted on it. Its usually more than the normal time that should be spent online. It use excessively, and sometimes out of control. Usually its used a lot when not needed at all like when using face book more than 8 hours a d ay isnt necessary but you always feel the cheer of needing to use it. When its zip fastener beneficial in the end same for chatting online some people have got a purpose of using it. Maybe to check mark connected to their families overseas. But some others just go online all day long for the pleasure of it. They make new friends, or maybe just stay online because they feel like they need to be.Our second effect would be lack of relaxation since they use the internet excessively this way they are losing the feeling of sleep. The need of it isnt as important to them anymore. The computer symbolizes a huge importance in their lives now that taking care of their health is totally ignored. Also the side of the computer is a huge aspect of why you feel the urge to use it oft. For example if you place it in the bedroom, it causes a big piece of lack of sleep. Since its always there in front of you and it gets to be supine to use.The third effect would be a low job executing and h aving poor grades in school. People tend to be online more frequently at hunt, since they are always in access with their computers. Also some of them arent as busy so they use the computer as a way of entertainment. But the majority loses their focus on doing their jobs at work because of chatting too much online while attempting to do their required assignments. Teenagers tend to ignore their studies and prefer to stay online therefore they get poor grades in school.Neglecting affectionate relationships and activities is our fourth effect. While were staying online, there could be an important event or gathering going on and were not even paying attention to attend it. It could be a family gathering or even a friends birthday. Those things are important for us to participate in as they hold our social relationships and shape our personalities. It also shows us the quality of life in some way or another. While gathering with people and communion activities with them you tend to build your qualities and know your strengths and weaknesses within yourself. You start to recognize the outside world and its nature.Anger is a main symptom and effect of the internet addiction. Its usually obvious when someone starts to question your time spent online and consequently you start getting angry. Also it appears when youre offline and tense for not being online during the day. It shows on all of your treats during the day and effects your family and friends interactions. The feeling of the need to be online all the time gets you frustrated and it applies to all your daily activities.Giving away details to strangers is the most dangerous and common problem we face through internet addiction. The more you stay online and intend to make new friends and enter new networks the more you stop thinking of the consequences which will occur later on. Strangers you get to know online could be criminals of any kind such as sexual harassers, thieves or even drug dealers.The la st symptom and effect of internet addiction is qualifyings in your diet and eating speed. Being online too much makes you lose your appetite to food. Sometimes its the complete opposite the more they stay online the more eat faster and with more quantities. Its like when youre watching television you get caught in the movie or anything youre watching and keep eating. Thats how most overweight people get fatter. They are not conscious of their action while being caught in their addictive act.Internet addiction seems as uncontrollable and hard to get over. But there are several(prenominal) steps we should follow as our etymons to fixing the addictive act .They are very simple and easy steps to control all our old symptoms and effects stated above. First of all we need to admit the problem were facing and our excessive use to the internet and the computer. Knowing that you have a problem and you need to work on it gives you an inner peace. It also gives you the energy to be able t o pass this phase of addiction and think of ways to work it all out. Or at least keep doing what you screw most but still in a healthy way.The change of the location of your computer is a must. Its one of the main solutions for the addiction as we stated before having it in your bedroom makes it feel irresistible to using the computer. You need to locate in a place which is uncomfortable for you. This will make you only use it for the needed purpose and for a compact period of time and soce go to your favorite place at home. For example, the living room to watch a movie or read a book in your small library.A password for your computer is very important to be able to decrease your use of the internet. allow you spouse or a family member change the password to only something they know. And only sign you in when you need to and for a specific mensurable period of time. This way you will be able to control your usage wisely. Also you could have a Timer which will control your time o f usage. So if you use the internet for more than five hours a day, then decrease it to three hours for instance by using your timer.The last solution we should actively do is getting involved in several activities such as social clubs or fitness exercises. This way youre substituting your addiction with a healthier aspect which will involve you in a more sociable environment. And this will make you gain more confidence by time and make a circle of friends the right way.To conclude, there are no obvious reasons for way people are getting addicted to the internet but there are a lot of things drives us to use the internet .internet just a tool some people use it as skipping from life struggles and the things that made some people getting addicted to the internet could be general causes as use the internet for more knowledge, searching for anything that they need and also for making friends from all over the world, and there are some things considered as mental disorder like feeling l onely, depressed or feeling stress. But there are many effects caused by the internet addiction, lose the family sense, lack of sleep and caused back pains and headache also decreasing the social relationships. but there are some solutions the person who are addicted to the internet have to admit that he is addicted and know that very well (admitting that he have a problem) and start change computer location and put it in place that you dislike it ,never put it in sleeping rooms because you will prefer playing or chatting then sleeping . And finally the person should make a specific hour for using the internet. Human have to know that they are the creditors of the technology so they shouldnt let the machines control them because machines doesnt have brains like human.so just if you use it cleverly it wont ever effect you negatively.

Social Welfare Past and Present Essay -- Papers History Aid Welfare Es

Social Welfare historic and PresentSocial welfare is an expansive system proposed to maintain the come up being of individuals within a connection. This paper will explain the patterned advance from the feudal system and church provisions for the slimy before the Elizabethan Poor Law to the gradual assumption of the responsibility for the wretched by the government. A responsibility assumed not out of humanity and advert for the poor, but as a process of standardizing the ways in which the poor were to be managed. The history of social welfare reflects differences in values as they relate to social responsibility in taking care of the needy. Our society has been influenced by values like Judeo-Christian humanitarianism and the economic philosophy of laissez faire. Our present social welfare structure is also influenced by these values.Our position heritage has greatly affected social welfare today. Some of the standards line up in England include indoor relief a natio nal polity for the poor the provision of serving the poor by placing them in institutions and the potpourri of the poor into two basic categorizes, the worthy poor and the able-bodied poor (unworthy poor). The Elizabethan Poor Law also set precedents which include draw government responsibility for those in need government authority to squash people to work government enforcement of family responsibility responsibility for carrying out programs at the local level and strict residence requirements.In England during the late 1700s in that location were other efforts that led to shaping the United States social welfare policies that point of reference poverty. The Speenhamland Act of 1795 was one such effort. It provided for the payment of minimum wages to workers and their fam... ...ed that health problems and lack of affordable health care were barriers for many of the AFDC recipients to get arrive at welfare. Clinton also wanted the states to play a wider role in the c onception of federal welfare programs. State and federal legislation now cogitate on personal responsibility, limiting stays on public avail and imposing far more strict work requirements. These efforts to limit the federal role in services to the poor and to shift the responsibility to the states office that there are now fifty-one different welfare programs in the United States.Social welfare development in America has been garbled and lacks comprehensive conceptual framework for its development. It continues to be in a unending state of evolution as the United States struggles with mitigating the effects of a market-based deliverance on certain segments of the population.

Essays --

The executive commencement enforces and carries out laws made by the legislative branch as long as they are canonical by the head of adduce. You can find the executive branch in the constitution by looking up article 2. The executive branch consists of the president, the department of defense and umpteen security agencies. To be the president, you must be a native born citizen, which means that you were born in the linked States or someone who was born somewhere else but both of their parents are U.S citizens. You also must be at least 35 long time old and have lived in the United States for 14 years. The president is take when the people in each render vote re universean, democrat or independent. Once they tally the votes up for each state, if it has more votes than the other party, wherefore that state will usually turn to the winsome party. Each state has electoral votes. electoral votes are the votes casted by the representatives for each state in the Electoral College. These votes are determined by the population of a state. The Electoral College consists of 538 members, each states number of electoral votes it has are equal to the number of senators and representatives it has. The high the states population, the more electoral votes it has. You add the 435 representatives, the 100 senators and the 3 electors from the district of Colombia. The number of votes adds up to 538 votes. Thats why the presidential candidates evermore try to win the big states like Texas, Florida and New York because by the winning the big states they can win the electoral vote and most plausibly win the election. You can win the popular vote (which is the vote of the people) and non the electoral vote and still win the election but it seldom ever happens. There is a pres... ...ch.The national government has many powers. Their powers allow regulating interstate and foreign trade setting standard weights and measures, creating and maintaining fortify forces, fashi oning copyright and patent laws, establishing postal offices, establishing foreign policies, creating federal courts, shine money, declaring war and finally admitting new states. The State Government also has many powers. Their powers include creating corporation law, regulating trade within state, maintaining schools, establishing local governments, making laws about marriage and divorce, conducting elections and finally providing public safety. The national government and the state government share some powers but not many. These powers include providing for public welfare, administering criminal justice, chartering banks, raising taxes, and borrowing money.

Necessary Evil for Men vs. Sexual Exploitation of Women :: social issues

Necessary Evil for Men vs. Sexual Exploitation of Women detestation transitive verb 1 to put to a wrong or unseasonable use 2 obsolete (deceive) 3 to use so as to injure or damage (maltreat) 4 to attack in linguistic process (revile). noun 1 a corrupt practice or custom 2 improper or excessive use or treatment (misuse) a deceitful act (deception) 4 language that condemns or vilifies usually unjustly, intemperately, and angrily 5 physical maltreatment. Abuse, in any and all of its forms, is something many Korean women and girls deal with every day. In 2002, a survey done by the Korean Institute of Criminology, the number of switch on purchases in Korea equaled to 4.4 of the countries GDP (Gross sign of the zodiac servant Product), almost the same as agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries combined. The survey also showed that thither were at least 33,000 women working in prostitution. 8% of women working in Korea in their twenties and thirties were prostitutes. Also, a surv ey done by the Korea Womens Hot Line showed that 42.6% of Korean men have purchased informal service when having a drink. 12.9% of men said that they have bought switch on when on business. 41.3% of all Koreans did not know that prostitution was illegal in Korea. contempt these outrageous numbers, prostitution has been illegal in Korea since 1961. A common lay out that prostitution takes place in is Miari Texas Village (Also known as Miari Texas, Texas Village, Texas Miari, or just plain Miari.) an ara in north-eastern Seoul, with over 250 prostitution houses. In these houses, liquor and food are served in the front and in the back, sex services take place in the back rooms. On average, a woman will see five to ten men a night. The women usually get paid 1.5 million win ($1, 340.00) monthly, along with 1,500 won ($14.00) for each client they see.One very disturbing thing some Miari Texas is that 30% of about 1,000 prostitutes are under the age of eighteen. Even though prostit ution is illegal, it is tolerated, if the women are over eighteen. Many of the young prostitutes in Miari Texas are runaways who feel they have nothing more to lose. The first prostitution house (brothel) was established in the 1920s when Korean women were taken as sex slaves by the Japanese military during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910 1945). After the Korean war ended in 1953, the large American military front led to the building of camp town prostitution for the U.