Foreign and Traditional Music Fused Together Essay Example for Free

Foreign and Traditional Music Fused Together Essay The United States is certainly one of the most diverse countries in the world from a cultural perspective. Capable of speaking 300 languages, the Native Americans were the early settlers of the American land. Hundred years after that, the Europeans, Africans, Asians and other ethnic race from across the globe arrived and settled in America. These migrations have contributed greatly to the patchwork of modern day American Society. Carrying not only their belonging and property, various cultures from around the world merge with one another through friendships and inter marriages of races. Through these racial interactions, various cultures took different shape and evolve into what we known today. To examine and describe them all would take years to accomplish and tedious since culture co exist with time, it evolve as time goes by. This paper would then focus on two dominant races and their respective cultures, namely, Hispanic and Caucasian. Since culture is a vast term to explore, this paper would then focus on the musical culture of Hispanic and Caucasian race. It would focus on how foreign cultures have influenced the growth and development of traditional music. Hispanic and Caucasian culture have influenced each other throughout history. It is often said that both cultures were the patchwork of different cultures put together during the colonial times. Hispanic culture basically speaks or pertains to a larger community that is comprised of different subgroups, such as Mexicans Americans, Cuban Americans and other races that originated from the Latin American continent. Caucasian or American culture is also a patchwork of different cultures originating from various parts of the world. This was brought by immense immigration during 17th up to 21st century and spread, through interactions with various races. This is the basic theme that these two cultures share together and its music, architecture and literature are deeply influenced by foreign culture. The land of America became a melting pot for these two cultures, a place for previous identities to be melted down together with other cultures to create an integrated, uniform society. Their culture was not forgotten; it was just shaped through the influence of foreign culture. E: Hispanic Culture Since the 17th century, Hispanic people have been living in the United States. Some of them were forced to come as slaves and those who could afford the expenses of immigration settled in the United States driven by the opportunity presented by the new found land. Though years have passed since the colonial times, most of them still cannot forget the trademarks of their former masters. Aside from their native language, most of them could speak the Spanish language and to some extent has been incorporated in their native language as well. Another characteristic of Hispanic culture that was influenced by the Spanish regime is the mestizo lifestyle (Gallarga, 2007). The term Mestizo describe Latin American whose lifestyle combine ideas, values, practices and other cultural elements both European and indigenous (rural and urban) of origin (Latin American Culture, 2008). Aspects of the mestizo lifestyle are widely diffused in the musical culture of Latin America. Violin, guitar and other stringed instruments are of mestizo origin (Garfias, 1996). Over time, these instruments were combined to those of traditional instruments being used by the people to create new ensemble types. Rural band from villages started to include playing the guitar, vilhuela, one or two violins and a harp. This kind of ensemble was an example of the changes that were brought by mestizo lifestyle. Additionally, hemiola, a common feature in Latin America music originated or a product of mestizo lifestyle (Mintzer, 2005). A hemiola is the simultaneous or sequential juxtaposition of duple and triple and rhythmic patterns with a moderate or quick 6/8 meter. This kind of rhythmic pattern is present in different musical performances of Mexicans, singers in Chile, and other Latin American performers (Mintzer, 2005). Not only in music does this mestizo trend is present but also in dances genres such as contra dance, waltz and the polka. March based music was widely diffused so as Catholics songs and processionals. Dance drama was another feature of the mestizo musical life. Being influence by 16th century missionaries, people in the rural and also in urban areas perform dance drama to honor individuals who are connected to local history, myth, legend and religious stories (Musical Migrations, 2002). Accompanied by local ensembles and dance genres, drama like this gave new kind of entertainment and meaning to rural town festivals throughout Latin American Aside from the Spanish Language, the musical style that was heavily influenced by the mestizo trend attributed greatly to the creation or identity of a Hispanic musical culture. Though different in use and meanings, Mexicans, Cubans, Chileans and other individual of Latin Americans origins, could understand each other through these customs. Moreover, this musical trend has become a tool of understanding and unification for these groups of people in a foreign land. Caucasian or American Culture Just like the musical lifestyle of the Hispanic, the performing arts in the United States began to incorporate wider groups of people (American Root Music, 2008). For instance, the Latin American dances such as tango from Argentina and rumba from Cuba during the 1900 and 1940. The afro-Cuban mambo was the first step in incorporating jazz music with Latin elements and was later on refined by the Brazilian bossa nova singers (Jones, 1999). There are also the African American communities who greatly contributed and refined jazz music. There are also innovative Americans who incorporated both foreign music and traditional American music to create unique music style. Aaron Copland, for example, developed a unique musical style through incorporating certain jazz elements with American folk music (Five 20th century American composers: 1900-2000, 2002). Influenced heavily by traditional Greek dances, Isadora Duncan redefined the rigidity of classical ballet and promoted self expression, resulting into an expressive and free form kind of dance (Marcus, 2007). These innovations and fusions probably lead to the creation of the Broadway musical. Unlike the Hispanic musical culture, American music was not the product of colonial times but was the result of immigration of various races in the United States. They brought their culture to this place without the intention of changing or creating music genre or style but to serve as a remembrance of their family and native land. It was for this sake that foreign musical style and other foreign cultures were introduced to American people. New musical genres and styles were a mere product of racial interactions. If clearly analyzed, this new musical genre or style removed boundaries and limitations imposed by racial differences. For instance, it is a well known fact that the African American community was discriminated and received less recognition from American society since their origin implied the idea of being a slave. However, when it comes to jazz music, contributions from performers like Billie Holiday, Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong and other African American jazz-blues singers were recognized and accepted by white and black audiences alike (Titon, 1995). Whether it was a European, American or other race, their performances were cheered and enjoyed by thousands of people. Through music, people forgot their differences and simply enjoyed the beat and melody produced by the performers in front of them. Performing arts in the United States representsed the acceptance not only of these people but also their culture. F: Similarities of Hispanic and Caucasian Culture Based on the facts presented thus far, it could be said that both cultures, when it comes to their musical trend and lifestyle were heavily influenced by foreign subjects. Hispanic music reached new heights during the Spanish rule. Elements of European and Spanish music were introduced to the traditional style of Mexican, Cuban and to the rest of Latin American. It gave new meaning to entertainment and performances reached greater heights. On the other hand, the Caucasian musical culture was refined through racial interaction that was the product of immense immigration that occurred during the 17th up to 20th century. Most traditional styles of music evolved and took greater form when they were incorporated with foreign elements (Titon, 1995). Another similarity that these two culture share in the music world is that their music were usually directed or composed for religious practices. In Hispanic culture, festivals were always accompanied by performances that always involved characters and values taken from religious stories. These performances were a direct influence of Spanish missionaries trying to convert local people. On the other hand, early religious sects in Native American such as the Ephrata, Cloister, the Shakers and the Moravians have produced music that somehow grow and influence other people outside their communities. One example of this was shaker melody entitled â€Å"Tis the gift to be simple† which was used by the composer Aaron Copland in one of his plays and which instantly became famous. The Moravians, who were considered as the most prolific and sophisticated when it comes into their music eventually helped in recreating instrumental music that was used in Old world German culture. Though it was quickly forgotten when the jazz and other musical trend came in during the early 1900’s, it proves that early music developed and was influenced by religion of early times (Jones, 1999). Difference between Hispanic and Caucasian music One significant difference between Hispanic and Caucasian music lies on the foreign influence that they received. Hispanic music was the result of long Spanish rule that they experience during the colonial times. A Hispanic performance was characterized by Spanish style of music and was later on refined through incorporating traditional and foreign music. It was only the Spaniards that introduced the European style of music to these people. On the other hand Caucasian music was the result of immense interactions of various races living in America. Some musical culture was able to make it way into the American society and was adhere by the people. There are other musical cultures that were adopted by American performers and incorporate them into their works that resulted in some unique and different kind of music style. Second difference that these two have lies on the venue of their performances. Most Hispanic performer took their shows on the street and urban areas. Performances on these places are always characterized by loud music and cheery audiences. Public performances were the product of festival shows that was always played during festivities and continued in big cities. As it develop Caucasian music reach greater heights in theatre or stage plays. Most broadways musical for an instance was perform on large theatre house and places commonly located on large cities like New York. Lastly, the difference of these two culture lies on how they perform their music. Hispanic based music is well known through their colorful sound that is always accompanied by different instruments. This kind of performance started in festivals and was later on carried through streets by artist who seeks fame and fortune. Caucasian on the other hand is mostly highlighted by the use of different genre of music and dance style to create one stage performance. Broadway musical for an instance used rock and roll genre to capture the heart of young audiences who have been introduced to this kind of music genre during their early years. Use in Classroom Education Using these similarities and differences, instructors could create a surrounding in which learning could be easy and comfortable both for Hispanic and Caucasian students. First, they could create music lessons that would break down cultural differences that exist not only Hispanics and Caucasians but also to other ethnic race. Second, it is possible that social relationship could foster and grow through incorporating music in their daily life. Lastly, through music, it is possible that children could recognize and acknowledge the importance of their cultural heritage. Children nowadays tend to forget their history and culture which is unfortunate. Personal and Professional Relevance Since culture is a vast topic to be covered, it was best that this paper concentrated on each culture’s music history. The first thing that needed to be researched was the influence of foreign music to Hispanic and Caucasian traditional music. The primary tool that was used to gather the necessary data was the Internet. Up-to-date articles and journals can be found in the internet and it saved substantial time researching using this rather than going to huge places such as the library. The books that were used for this paper were accessed through an online directory for textbooks. Since the paper was set to discuss foreign influence on traditional music of Hispanics and Caucasians, the research began through a search of sources that explained the influence of foreign interventions and immigration, since it will clearly show how the traditional music of each culture was changed and developed when foreign factors exerted their impact. The article â€Å"Latino music: A View of Its Diversity and Strength† by Dr. Garfias summarized the important facts about Hispanic music and provided a detailed explanation about the influence of Spanish rule in Hispanic countries. The book â€Å"Blues People: Negro Music in White America† by Titon gave a detailed explanation about the influence of African American music and how Jazz developed in the United States of America. Since this paper was set to discuss the influence of foreign music to Hispanic and Caucasian traditional music, sources that contained useful information were saved for the purpose. To be able to review them carefully, information that may be useful were highlighted and were noted down in a sheet of paper. For organizational ease, the information were outlined just like how the task was outlined. For teaching reference, this report has set a new meaning for being a teacher. The profession of teaching does not exclusively lie on the need to produce a lesson plan that would cater to the educational needs of the students. Being a teacher also means that one must some how create an atmosphere and environment that would enable the student to enjoy learning and would support the growth of social relationships. This realization was brought by the cultural differences that exist not only between Hispanic and Caucasian students but between other races. Cultural differences somehow impede the growth of education and social relationships of students if not managed systematically. Being able to manage cultural differences is also a way of promoting effective inclusion. Positive interactions among teachers, as well as students, contribute to a sense of school and classroom community. Inclusive schools seek to encourage collaboration among teachers for the purposes of planning, teaching, and supporting students. With adequate support, collaborative teaching leads to positive outcomes for learners in heterogeneously grouped classes (Cipani, 1995). Implementing effective teaching collaborations, however, is time-consuming and complex. Teachers often express concern about changes in their roles and responsibilities; differences in teaching style and philosophical orientation; and logistical issues, such as scheduling, planning time, and resource allocation. There are a number of school-wide strategies to support collaboration, including (a) developing and adopting a set of rules, responsibilities, and privileges pertaining to collaboration, (b) providing teachers with designated time for co-planning and reflection, and (c) offering preservice and inservice training in collaboration. In all of these collaborative efforts, understanding culture is a critical backdrop that the teacher must fully comprehend (Cipani, 1995). G:References American Root Music. Retrieved on May 2, 2008 from Public Broadcasting Services: http://www. pbs. org/americanrootsmusic/pbs_arm_itc_historical_background. html. Cipani, E. (1995). Inclusive education: What do we know and what do we still have to learn? Exceptional Children, 61, 498 – 500. Galarraga, J. (2007). Hispanic-American Culture and health. Retrieved May 2, 2008 on http://www. case. edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Hispanic_Healthcare. pdf Garfias, Dr. R. (1996). Latino music: A View of Its Diversity and Strength. Retrieved May 3, 2008 on http://www. pps. k12. or. us/depts-c/mc-me/be-hi-mu. pdf. Five 20th century American composers: 1900-2000. Retrieved may 3, 2008 from Boisestates: http://music. boisestate. edu/mus100/american_music. htm Jones, L. (1999). Blues People: Negro Music in White America Latin American Culture. Retrieved May 2, 2008 from Ipedia: http://www. ipedia. net/information/Latin+American+culture. Marcus, K. (2007). Music and American Culture. Retrieved May 2, 2008 on http://www. blackwell-compass. com/media? id=pdfs_HICO_Sample_Article . Mintzer, R. (2005). Latino Americans in Sports, Film, Music, and Government: Trailblazers (Hispanic Heritage) Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in Latin America, Volume I. (2002) . Titon, J. T. (1995). Early Downhome Blues: A Musical and Cultural Analysis (Cultural Studies of the United States)

Abortions Prevent Child Abuse and Poverty Essay -- Argumentative Persu

Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in America today. There are approximately 1.5 million abortions every year in this country. Abortion was made legal in the 1970s. However, pro-life activists argue that it is no different than murder. Should the government have the right to take away a women's right to make decisions regarding her own body? The main issue that pro-life people have with abortion is that they believe it causes an unborn child to suffer. However, many children who's mothers want to have an abortion have a reasonable cause and the child is better off being aborted. Most unwanted children are abused and neglected. Some are born addicted to drugs. Why should we make innocent, young children suffer with being beaten, born addicted to crack, and being raped wh...

Euthanasia essay Essay

For several years, euthanasia has been a subject of controversy. Euthanasia is a fairly new problem for the United States and has gained a horrible reputation from negative media publicity surrounding the issue. According to a website: Euthanasia also known as mercy killing is a way of painlessly terminating one’s life with the â€Å"humane† motive of ending suffering. Euthanasia came into the public eye recently during the Terri Schiavo controversy where her husband appealed for euthanasia while Terri’s family claimed differently. This is a classical case, shedding light on the pros and cons of mercy killing. (â€Å"Pros and Cons†) Many claim the betrayal of God’s right to control the human life and state that the legalization of euthanasia is the legalization of murder. However, people that are opposed to euthanasia are thinking how the death of a terminally ill patient would affect them, not how it affects the person that is sick. If there is no other way to relieve the suffering of terminally ill patients, then the more humane option to suicide is euthanasia. Euthanasia has a purpose and should be evaluated as humanely filling a void created by our inhumane society. Terminally ill patients already feel that they are deprived of all rights. However, many adversaries are not in favor of a patient’s right to die, it may seem heartless to consider the financial burden of keeping a patient alive against the patient’s will. Smith states, â€Å"that the cost of chemotherapy is deemed an unjustified expense for the government to pay due to the limited time it would provide. However, the governm ent informed the terminally ill patient that they will gladly pay for euthanasia† (Smith). By the article stating this quote, then if a patient has already told family members that they wish to die and discontinue the burden of the patient’s family members, euthanasia should be permissible. Even criminals have a right for their last wish. A website states, â€Å"Legalizing euthanasia would help alleviate suffering of the terminally ill patients. It would be inhuman and unfair to make them endure the unbearable  pain† (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). It is the physician’s duty to fulfill the last wish of terminally ill patients. If the person’s will is rejected, one might try to commit the act of suicide. Euthanasia is often mistaken or associated with assisted suicide. Doctors now have the technology and the skills to anticipate natural death almost indefinitely. A website article states, â€Å"In an attempt to provide medical and emotional care, a doctor does and should prescribe medicines that will relieve suffering even if the medications cause side effects. Euthanasia follows the same theory of dealing with suffering in a way to help one die peacefully† (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). There is a distinctive difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide. Euthanasia is the ability to die with dignity, while assisted suicide is assisting one to commit suicide. Euthanasia happens when a physician or other healthcare provider does something, such as administering a known lethal dose of a drug with the patient’s consent. Physician-Assisted Suicide is where the terminally ill patient’s request a prescription for a fatal dose of a drug which they can administer to themselves at a time of their choosing. Ernst and Mennie had stated in an article that â€Å"both euthanasia and assisted suicide force someone else to end your life. The job of the health care professional is to maintain and enhance life, not end it† (Ernst and Mennie). However, when one thinks of the job of the health care professional it is to add quality and meaning to one’s life. In some situations, when there is a terminally ill patient that will never be able to have quality or meaning in their life wouldn’t it be the duty of the physician to suggest euthanasia so one may die with dignity. The first priority in the care of patients facing severe pain as a result of a terminal illness or chronic condition should be the relief of their pain. A website states, â€Å"Palliative care can control nearly all pain; when it can’t, doctors can administer palliative care sedation that allows the patient to die a natural death without experiencing horrible symptoms† (Erst and Mennie). Many adversaries of euthanasia have feared that the increasing technology that doctors have now might lead to the abuse of euthanasia. Most people today support the rights of terminally ill patients to end their pain through euthanasia. A website states, â€Å"In case of individuals suffering from incurable diseases or in conditions where effective treatment wouldn’t affect their quality of life; they should be given the liberty to  choose euthanasia† (â€Å"Pros and Cons†). This issue has been a personal experience for me after seeing my grandfather at death’s door for over 17 months, waking up in his feces and urine, and begging God to let him die. If euthanasia was legalized, maybe he would have had the choice to die with dignity. Terminally ill patients should have the right to choose euthanasia. There has been much controversy over euthanasia in the past several years and is likely to remain a controversial subject because of the disapproval from many religious groups and the medical profession. Religious groups as well as the medical profession agree that doctors are not required to use extraordinary measures to prolong the life of the terminally ill. The government should legalize euthanasia because it is important in protecting the structure of the United States. Euthanasia should remain a choice and should be legalized. The right to choose euthanasia should not be restricted by other’s opinions and should be based on the individual’s right to die with dignity.

Violence And Harassment Against Nurses - 2073 Words

Violence and harassment against nurses is a common issue in all health care setting. Ample incidents of workplace violence towards nurses are surfacing. So, this issue is garnering concern in nursing profession. Violence usually refers to a physical assault; however, workplace violence is a broader problem. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health (CCOHS) has defined ‘workplace violence’ as ‘any act in which a person is abused, threatened, intimidated or assaulted in his or her employment’. Similarly, ‘workplace harassment’ means ‘engaging in a course of vexatious comment or conduct against a worker in a workplace that is known or ought reasonably to be known to be unwelcome’ according to Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA). Violence and harassment against nurses not only hampers in achieving personal, professional and an organizational goals, but also has physical, mental and psychological effects on nurses. Consequently, it a dversely affects the quality of nursing care. Thus, creating a violence-free workplace for Canadian nurses is increasingly essential. This issue paper discusses the roles and responsibilities of various authorities as well as the nurses in preventing and managing workplace violence and harassment against nurses. Background Violence and harassment incidents against nurses are occurring in every health care setting. Mainly, nurses are being abused of verbal and physical violence. A sentence stated by the Canadian Nursing Advisory CommitteeShow MoreRelatedNursing Workplace Incidence of Violence Essay examples588 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s world violence can be expected anywhere at any time. This includes what was considered at one time a low risk area, the medical facility. Today the incidence of violence is increasing. There are two types of violence the first is lateral violence or aggression which is amongst hospital or medical personal. 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Movie Marketing More Than Just Media Interviews

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The Constitution And The American Constitution - 1141 Words

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Robert Dahls book may be a helpful update that the american constitution is far starting with the best could be allowed foundation to equitable framework - Whats more that it may, indeed, a chance to be significantly starting with an perfect gas one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dahl recognizes those constitution in the light of the authenticRead MoreThe Genius of the American Constitution1000 Words   |  4 Pages The Genius of the American Constitution Since the advent of human government, one of the principle fears held by the constituents of the government has always been to prevent any form of tyranny or abuse within it. Tyranny can be loosely described as one person or a group of people having total power in a government leading to the subjugation and oppression of people’s rights. Many new nations wish to eliminate any aspect of their government that may eventually lead to tyranny. 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In the state of Nevada, the significant fact that lengthens our Constitution from the U.S. Constitution is the gaming Constitution. The gaming Constitution needs to be addressed when congress or any other politicalRead MoreThe Principles Of The American Constitution1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe principles of the American constitution base it’s ideals on Judeo-Christian beliefs and morals. Laws against murder, adultery, theft and practices deemed â€Å"unholy† were instituted with belief these guidelines and restrictions would create a stable but more importantly, prosperous nation economically and socially. However, nearing the 1920’s these rules were challenged in their purity and importan ce which lead many to question the doctrine of the ideal lifestyle those involved in religious practiceRead MoreHow Democratic Is The American Constitution Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic is the American Constitution? is how effective the Constitution is at promoting the ideals of a democracy. For Dahl, there are several issues surrounding the Constitution, from its drafting, to its ideology, to its relevance. By analyzing Dahl’s critiques of the Constitution in terms of the parallels that exist between factions and the two-party system, the issue of unequal representation, and the necessity for the Framers to compromise on their ideals to ratify the Constitution, Dahl definedRead MoreHow Democratic Is the American Constitution?695 Words   |  3 Pages Robert Dahls book How Democratic is the American Constitution, reminds us that the American Constitution wasnt the only possible base for a democratic system in America. In this book Dahl explains some of the dem ocratic and undemocratic aspects of the American constitution. He also explains what should be changed to improve it. In chapter 2, Dahl begins explaining about the Framers of the constitution who had the task of basically creating a new government that combated all of the problems

Developments in Life Cycle Assessment †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Developments in Life Cycle Assessment. Answer: Life-cycle assessment, (LCA), also referred to as life-cycle analysis or even life-cycle eco-balance among other names is a method which is used to assess the environmental impacts which are related with the stages of product life (Finnveden et al., 2009). The assessment is able to involve the analysis of the different stages which a product is able to pass through until it reaches its final product. That means from the analysis of the product from the raw material stages during extraction then the processing, manufacturing, distribution, usage, repairing and maintenance stages then the disposal or recycling stages. This process is key to analyze the products and it helps the designers of the different products to critique and analyze their products properly. Most importantly, this process is able to avoid narrow outlook on environmental issues in relation to the products. Some of the key environmental issues which are analyzed in this process revolve around the compilation of invent ories, which are related to energy and material inputs management and their impacts to environment when released. Moreover, this process is related to evaluation of the potential effects which are related to the identified product inputs and the effects of their release to the environment. Lastly, this process is able to interpret the result from the data derived from the different products stages in relation to the environment (Finnveden et al., 2009). This stages helps to derive an informed decision in dealing with the effects of the product life-cycle to ensure it enhance the environmental protection. The main aim of LCA is to enhance the comparison of full range environmental impacts assigned to products and services through quantification of all inputs and outputs of material flows. It then goes to an extend of assessing the effects of material flows to the environment management (Singh Bakshi, 2009). The acquired information helps to improve the product processes , enhance policy support and enhance decision making in environmental conservation. The process aims to provide fair and holistic assessment of the product cycle processes to enhance proper environmental conservation. There are two key types of LCA, which include attributional LCA and consequential LCAs. Attributional LCAs looks to establish the burdens which are related with productions and use of products or which are related to a services at any given moment. On the other hand, consequential LCAs looks to identify any environmental consequences resulting from a decision or change of system which is under observatio n. It extends to monitoring of market and economic implications which are achieved due to a decision which is taken. Lastly, another key LCA which is under development is the social (Steinbach and Wellmer, 2010). This looks to analyze the social effects and can be seen as a complimentary to the environmental LCA. Give the definition of operational and embodied energy? Green energy has to key aspects which are related. These are the aspect of green energy at the manufacturing or production method or the green energy at the application point. These two aspects are able to differentiate operational and embodied energy. Embodied energy is related with the cumulative energy which is used in extraction of raw materials, their manufacturing and transportation of the product to the final application destination (Adams, Connor and Ochsendorf, 2010). In other words, this is the energy which is consumed by all processes during the production stage. Nevertheless, the embodied energy does not include the operations and disposal energy produced during the product life-cycle. The operational energy is related to amount of energy a product is able to consume or use after it has been installed to the system or applied to it (Hamilton, 2011). Occupants and their usage of energy is able to contribute to the overall operational energy amount. Impact assessments are procedural and are able to follow a systematic procedure. This is because the processes on which the impact assessments are done a systematic in nature. The selection of impact categories is the first process which is carried out. The existence of the different impacts during the assessment is a key step which has to be identified earlier enough to ensure that the assessment has a specific goal to achieve. Category indicators and characterization models are developed at this stage to enhance the assessment criteria on the impact extend (Curran, 2011). Classification stage is the other stage which is followed when the impact assess men is being conducted. Inventory parameters are assigned different impact categories to enhance proper achievement of the results. Lastly, impact measurement is the last stage which is carried out during the conducting of the impact assessment. Specified methodologies are usually followed to ensure that impact measurement are well ac hieved. Recommendations on the impact assessment improvement is usually carried out at the end to ensure that the cons are mitigated to ensure that the enhancement of the different factors is achieved. The criteria of impact assessment ensures that different stages are able to monitor the different aspects of each process and come up with viable solution at the end of the assessment. There is a systematic way of conducting an LCA in order to achieve the set goals. As noted, an LCA can be conducted to Achieve different scopes and goals. This goals vary from different aspect such as the products being considered to the impacts and relation of processes and the environment (Cooper Fava, 2006). Nevertheless, each LCA has a defined procedure which can be followed in order to achieve the set goals. The process of conducting an LCA starts with definition of goals and scope of the assessment. Th definition of the goals and scope is a key strategy mechanism, which is key for any LCA. This process defines the need and what need to be achieved at the end of the assessment period. The perfect elements of each LCA are addressed at this stage, whereby the relevant question are asked and their solution be searched. The needs to of the LCA are addressed since the key questions will aim at achieving the key goals and scope of the assessment (Malmqvist et al., 2011). Additionally , this area will ensure that the required sustainability of the assessment approach is achieved. In the aim of answering the questions raised, the process will look to use economical means to enhance the adoption. Inventory analysis is another key step which is required during the conduction of the LCA. The elements assessment are placed on table and measured accordingly. Analysis of the depth of the product and the key measurement are done at this stage. This stage is able to enhance the understanding of the key elements of the product and the way to achieve the required goals. The inputs and output of the assessment are analyzed at this stage to enhance the achievement of the products assessment (Malmqvist et al., 2011). Data collection and verification in order to enhance adoption of the proper solution is carried through this stage. The inventory analysis is able to ensure that the elements of the products are well documented to enhance result derivation. The analysis of the different aspects of the all elements of the product process is well enhanced through the inventory analysis. Life cycle impact assessment is another key step involved in the conducting of LCA. This stage ensures that the analysis of the process is well analyzed and the achievement of the key step is achieved. This step takes the inventory data and then conduct it to the required indicators in each of impact categories (Cooper Fava, 2006). This key step ensures that the answers to the earlier questions are achieved. Moreover, interpretation of the data at any step is key to ensure that all the product elements are analyzed and correct solution is derived. Structural grading of the timber is a key element in Australian category. Stress grades are key structural grading which is applied in grading of timber. F-grades have been used for a long time in the analysis of the structural grading of timber in Australia. The F grading is able to range from F2 to F34. The different gradings are able to define the different strength of timber. Visual grading is a key element where the analysis of the timber situations are analyzed from visual inspection. The visual stress grading is able to compose of what inspectors can see and then be able to identify the structural class which the timber is likely to lie. The visual grading is based on how the defects are able to affect the appearance of timber and their strength. The defects are able to result on the different uses which the timber can be used for. Under machine stress grading, a machine is used to analyze the stiffness of the timber and therefore grade them according to the results regardless of their appearances. The machine normally bends the timber piece and uses the loose correlation between the stiffness and strength to grade the timber. Through the derivation of the stiffness parameter, other elements of timber can then be achieved such as tension, compression and shear strength of the timber. This makes this method more effective than the visual grading method. What are the factor effecting in brittle structure? Temperature changes is one of the key factors which affect the brittle structure. Each member and element has a specified temperature at which they can withstand at the exceeding of the temperature beyond that limit is able to affect the brittle structure of the material. Grain sizes of the different members are able to result to the brittleness of the member. Small grains are able to compact themselves more and therefore increasing the brittleness structure of the member (Ortner, 2008). Lastly, crystal strength of the individual grains determine the brittle structure of the whole member. Increase on the crystal strength of the grains results to an increased structural brittleness in the member. The effect of the structure is affected from the internal properties of the grains and this affect the brittle structure of the members. Corrosion in steel is caused by presence of key elements which promote the development of the corrosion. One of the key reasons for corrosion to occur on steel is due to its reactivity (Whirlwind Team, 2015). Steel is a more reactive metal and this is a key factor which accelerates the corrosion process. In presence of oxygen and water, the reactivity of steel is able to accelerate the corrosion process. Secondly, presence of gases is able to accelerate the corrosion process of steel. Presence of air, moisture and steel section is able to offer an environment which the corrosion process occur. Additionally, presence of impurities is able to lead to corrosion on steel. These impurities are able to offer conducive environment where the corrosion process can occur. Lastly, electrolyte presence are able to accelerate the corrosion process on the steel structures. There are different methods which can be applied to prevent corrosion on steel structures. Cathode protection is one of the methods. This method is able to alter electrode potential of the steel structure and making them lie on immune region where the process cannot occur. This process makes the steel structure stable and this unable to react with the elements which facilitate corrosion. Use of corrosion inhibitors is another key method to prevent corrosion on steel structure (Whirlwind Team, 2015). Presence of foreign molecules on the steel structure is able to affect the surface reaction. The inhibitors are able to either attached on the surface of steel structure or be absorbed directly to them. Fatigue in steel structure is affected by different parameters. Stress application is one f the key factor which affect the fatigue life of steel structure. Loading the steel structure more than the required loading increases the stress factor and thus affecting the fatigue life. Fabrication and material properties is another key factor which affect the fatigue life of a steel structure (Stephens Fuchs, 2009). Material hardness and fabrication nature is able to affect the fatigue life of the steel structure. Moreover, the environment were the steel structure is exposed to is able to affect the fatigue life. High temperature, presence of corrosive atmosphere and high humidity are able to reduce the fatigue life of a steel section. Lastly, geometry structure of the steel structure affects the fatigue life of the structure. Scratches and weld defects are able to reduce fatigue life of the steel structure. References ADAMS, E., CONNOR, J. AND OCHSENDORF, J. (2010). Embodied energy and operating energy for buildings: cumulative energy over time. Design for sustainability. Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. www.flickr.com COOPER, J.S. FAVA, J. (2006). "Life Cycle Assessment Practitioner Survey: Summary of Results". Journal of Industrial Ecology . CURRAN, M. A. (October 2011)."Life Cycle Analysis: Principles and Practice" (PDF). Scientific Applications International Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF). FINNVEDEN, G., HAUSCHILD, M.Z., EKVALL, T., GUINE, J., HEIJUNGS, R., HELLWEQ, S., KOEHLER, A., PENNINGTON, D. SUH,S. (2009). Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Environmental Management 91(1), 1-21. HAMILTON, L. (AUGUST, 2011). Embodied Energy Versus Operational Energy. https://blog.certainteed.com/2011/08/embodied-energy-versus-operational-energy/ MALMQVIST, T; GLAUMANN, M; SCARPELLINI, S; ZABALZA, I; ARANDA, A (April 2011). "Life cycle assessment in buildings: The ENSLIC simplified method and guidelines" . Energy. 36 (4): 19001907. doi : 10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.026 ORTNER, S. (2008). Factors affecting the shape of the ductile-to-brittle transition. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping. Volume 79, Issues 810. STEINBACH, V. AND WELLMER, F.(May 2010). "Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View." Sustainability. 2(5), pgs. 1408-1430. STEPHENS, R. I. FUCHS, H. O. (2009). Metal Fatigue in Engineering (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. p. 69. WHIRLWIND TEAM ( November 2015). Typical causes of corrosion on structural steel and 5 steps for prevention. WHIRLWIND STEEL . https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407590/typical-causes-of-corrosion-on-structural-steel-and-5-steps-for-prevention https://www.outdoorstructures.com.au/timber-grading.php SINGH, S. BAKSHI,B. R. (2009). "Eco-LCA: A Tool for Quantifying the Role of Ecological Resources in LCA". International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology: 16. https://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/Web/5862LC/pi/5862Lc/timber_qualities/grading_h4.htm